tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69545102354829916322024-02-20T15:53:53.070-08:00Heather's RamblingsHeather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.comBlogger37125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-50267277084992563472017-07-21T18:43:00.000-07:002017-07-21T18:43:13.806-07:00Metrobus <p>Seven years ago, I moved to Charlesbourg: a suburb of Québec City. I've been in the same apartment all that time and I couldn't identify a single one of my neighbours if my life depended on it. My apartment has a private exit, so I don't share a hall with any of them, and I work evenings while, it seems, all of them work days.
</p><p>I chat a bit with the cashiers at the corner store across the street but mostly just a quick "ca va?" as you do. My main community, as I've come to realize, is the 801 Metrobus. The Metrobus system is Québec City's rapid transit solution. Commuter traffic here is just too diffused and erratic to conform to something so inflexible as a subway or elevated rail system. In place of trains, Québec City has commissioned some very long bus routes between suburbs that are serviced frequently by double-length articulated buses.
</p><p>The 801 Metrobus gets me from Charlesbourg to Vieux Québec in under thirty minutes or well into the suburb of St. Foy in just twenty minutes more. As a cook, I can always find a great job in Vieux Québec in the summer but I can find more stable jobs in St. Foy. I don't live in Vieux Québec because I like having an off street parking stall and I don't live in St. Foy because it's too expensive there.
</p><p>I could live in the suburb of Beauport for about the same money and commute for similar times on the 800 Metrobus - but who the hell wants to live in Beauport anyway? Sorry, I'm all about Charlesbourg - go Orsainville!
</p><p>I don't usually talk to anyone on the bus, unless I spot another cook, but I feel like I know them all. Petit Jeremy was a familiar face to me for almost four years before I found out he was Petit Jeremy. I should watch more television, I guess. Anyway, there's the crazy old guy who sags his pants while going commando in the underwear department. Fortunately he wears a long jacket so you just have to avert your eyes when he gets up or sits down. Don't make eye contact with him.
</p><p>I have pet names for most of the regulars. The Wolfman looks a bit like Hugh Jackman. Teacher's Pet always gets on last at her stop and then stays at the front talking to the driver for at least four or five more stops. Chef Sparrow wears a kerchief on his head like a pirate and for some reason commutes to work in a chef's jacket.
</p><p>Mary and her boys have been around for years now. I remember the first night I saw them on my way home from work. I used to sit at the back of the bus and as I made my way back there I saw her sitting on a side bench, one son on either side of her, her arms around them and one of her hands on a big plastic bag. I don't know why but I got the sense that their clothes and that bag were the only things they had in this world.
</p><p>As chance would have it, they got off at my stop and made their way across the street to the church. I wondered if they had just suffered a tragedy or perhaps escaped a very abusive man. Over the next few weeks I saw them several times, and concluded they had only two sets of clothes each. That selection slowly increased but not a stitch of it new.
</p><p>Usually the boys got on the bus ahead of her and sauntered along as though shopping for seats. I don't think they had ridden much transit before because they didn't have the vacant eyes of a seasoned commuter who feigns death to avoid conversation. They looked at people a little too long but everyone seemed patient with their slow adjustment.
</p><p>Week after week, I would spot Mary with some new item she had acquired to rebuild their kitchen - or maybe with a laundry hamper. Again, not a new item in the lot. I got the sense that keeping her boys in fresh veggies and fruit was a priority. They were clean, healthy, and polite but very plain. I think even haircuts were strictly cost controlled.
</p><p>They have remained in Charlesbourg, somewhere further up the line on the 801 than I. Over the years, the boys learned not to make so much eye contact. Mary learned the vacant gaze of the commuter but also began to show a shadow of a grin that resembled contentment. I never knew what they had been through, but I was glad to see their lives coming together.
</p><p>A few nights ago, the youngest son sauntered on the bus, as usual, shopping for a seat. He had a bicycle helmet in his right hand. I heard the bicycle rack on the front of the bus drop and saw Mary loading up their bikes. Then she made a few quick dashes between the bus shelter and the bus to load up all their gear. There was a little back pack, a basket from a bicycle, and some kind of folding chair all wrapped up in plastic.
</p><p>Once she loaded the cargo, she made her way to the back to find her boys. That's when I realized I didn't see the older one board the bus. I looked back and she had her arm around the younger and they didn't look good. I looked at the bicycle basket and saw two helmets in it. Then I looked closer at the folding chair all wrapped in plastic - the plastic was pierced in several places and I realized that inside there was a disassembled, damaged bicycle.
</p><p>My heart sank. I've never said a word to Mary or her boys. That moment was not the time to start. I'm hoping that he was just held for observation because of a mild concussion or something like that. I hope to see both boys shopping for seats again soon.</p>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-48398899517313944762016-12-15T16:54:00.000-08:002016-12-15T16:54:17.720-08:00Trial by Combat<p>Occasionally an old trial-by-combat law is found to remain on the books - but no one takes them seriously. Why not? Wouldn't head-to-head, armed combat be an efficient means to determine guilt and innocence?</p>
<p>If you don't believe in the efficacy of trial-by-combat in rendering justice then you obviously don't think that there is a god making sure that the good guys always win. You might even be accustomed to such phrases as, "only the good die young," and, "nice guys always finish last."</p>
<p>Why is it, then, that we so readily accept a trial-by-combat philosophy of history? We obviously have a bias to do so given that modern society is, in the broadest sense, the result of a series of war victories. If you are American then the American Revolution serves as evidence that an empire has no right to subjugate a colony. The American Civil war is easy - slavery is wrong from every angle. World War II? Hitler.</p>
<p>Obviously empires, slavery, and genocide are terrible things. Those that fight against them are heroes. A more detailed study of such conflicts, however, reveals that war typically isn't entered into for such simple, noble reasons. The path to war is usually very complicated and entails many compromises and whispered promises.</p>
<p>If all men were created equal then why were so many of them still held as slaves while rich landowners were liberated from foreign taxes? Was the American Civil war truly over slavery or were there also deeper economic motivations? As bad as Hitler was, why did the U.S. stay out of World War II until Hitler declared war on them?</p>
<p>Overall, those wars have been the easiest to rationalize; to reduce to a single, noble cause. Even if motivations were much more complicated, that doesn't make the simple, noble simplifications false - but it does reveal a bias that is used to colour our view of other conflicts.</p>
<p>Few laymen can even begin to layout the basics of The Spanish-American War or World War I. Then there is Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan, and Iraq to consider. All sold on relatively simple White Hat/Black Hat stories. With bombs still falling in Afghanistan and Iraq, and more either dropped or still dropping on Pakistan, Libya, Syria and Somalia - Americans need to ask themselves if they believe in justice from trial-by-combat.</p>
<p>As Nazi SS officers looked at each other, hats decorated with a skull and cross-bones, some of them must have wondered, "Could we be the bad guys here?" A quick Google search of "CIA scandals" has to spawn the same question for many Americans.</p>
<p>American apologists typically point to the prosperity of their country as evidence that they really are the white-hats. Americans have won so many wars and been economically rewarded. Has America been economically rewarded for their efforts? By whom? A god that makes sure the good guys always win? If so, then you must believe in justice from trial-by-combat.</p>
Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-81175035855187570462016-12-10T13:58:00.000-08:002016-12-10T13:58:57.679-08:00The Cycle of Identity Politics<p>The term 'identity politics' has been thrown around a lot lately. It is a term that is often misunderstood and misused. Identity politics is a strategy of garnering the support of very specific, often marginalized, segments of the population: gays, blacks, creationists, or the disabled - for example. It seeks to coagulate support by seeking out strong affiliations.</p>
<p>One party might seek the support of racial minorities while another might seek the support of Christians. The voter must decide with which affiliation he or she most strongly identifies. For a fundamentalist-Christian African-American this can pose a paradox and the resolution typically lies in the degree to which the respective parties address the needs of the voter's respective identities.</p>
<p>Traditionally, political parties represent business (right) or labour (left). Labour is, and will always be, the largest demographic, so the right garners their vote by convincing them not to bite the hand that feeds them. Hard working labourers are told that reducing taxes on big business will result in more jobs - in better paying jobs. They are told that better work conditions will result in fewer work positions.</p>
<p>In recent decades, however, that sales-pitch became harder and harder to sell as big business flourished while labour stagnated. That is when the first big identity fissure was cracked open in the US with the courtship of fundamentalist Christians by the Republican Party. The electorate has since been fractured into a myriad of identity groups like a slab of peanut brittle.</p>
<p>Identity politics has given voice to ever more marginalized groups of people. This phenomenon can work for the greater good when it extends recognition and protections to such groups - thus reducing their disadvantage. It becomes problematic when it distracts from the plight of the base - the working class.</p>
<p>Both Republicans and Democrats have moved in leaps and bounds to the right - towards big business interests. <a href="https://www.ssa.gov/cgi-bin/netcomp.cgi?year=2014">While 51% of American workers now earn less than $28k per year, 30% of American workers earn less than half of that.</a> The Republicans continue to warn them that if they demand more they will end up with less. The Democrats, on the other hand, tell them that <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKpso3vhZtw">everything is fine</a> - rhetoric that rings hollow in the ears of a worker who is earning less than they did 20 years ago.</p>
<p>While the multi-fractured identity groups have been making gains, the biggest group (labour) has been coming up short. Donald Trump actually identified this - so it seems that even a blind squirrel can find a nut once in a while. While it seems to many that all he did was rage against marginalized groups, he would have never garnered such widespread support if that had been the entirety of his message. He correctly played the labour identity against marginalized identities. He spoke to the working class and told them that all their woes were to blame on the marginalized classes.</p>
<p>This left much of the electorate facing the same paradox as the fundamentalist-Christian African-American. With which group do you best identify? Which of your respective identities is being best addressed? If you were a Muslim earning a six-figure salary then Trump had nothing to offer you. If you were a Muslim earning less than $20k per year then you actually had to parse the situation carefully.</p>
<p>So, as much as one might support racial/gender/abilities equality, employment and wages remained a trump card. The two sides aren't mutually exclusive but by failing to address labour the Democrats made them exclusive. They told you that if you voted for the despot who promised you jobs then you were a racist, misogynist, xenophobic bigot. In not admitting to the working class that wages really have stagnated, they failed to connect with them.</p>
<p>Identity politics has cycled like a fractal projection. The smallest fissures are now visible as part of a macroscopic structure. It is now clear that all the marginalized groups are just outcroppings of labour. Regardless of how one identifies by race, sexuality, gender, or religion - at the end of the day we all need to put food on the table.</p>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-17251542163253051082011-07-13T05:14:00.000-07:002011-07-13T05:16:45.163-07:00Disciples of Change<p>A narrative essay by – <a target="new" href="https://profiles.google.com/Heather.Spoonheim">Heather Spoonheim</a></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">I often encounter people who find it offensive that I haven’t subscribed to the Climate Change bandwagon. To be frank, that is where the conversation typically ends, because such people rarely have anything more to bring to the discussion than the average theist. The problem that always arises in those situations is the climate change disciple’s inability to differentiate between Climate Change science and the Climate Change movement.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The science behind Climate Change is sound enough, and the predictions seem rather certain, even though admittedly grim, so who am I to question them? Well I don’t question them, actually, but few Climate Change disciples are capable of engaging in enough rational discussion to actually figure that out. The issue that seems to set them off is my failure to perceive virtue in running around screaming that the sky is going to fall.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The line I most often hear is, “We need to take action now!” That’s fair enough, but I feel that I’ve been taking action for 20 years. I’ve been a minimalist for most of my adult life and have, as such, maintained a very small carbon footprint. To that end, I’ve driven the same 4 cylinder jeep YJ for over 19 years, resulting in fewer cars being produced. In those 19 years, I’ve racked up 125,000 kilometers on my jeep, which is less than most North Americans drive in 3 years, resulting in less fossil fuel combustion. Even the electricity that I use is over 90% hydroelectric. Furthermore, having had no children, my contribution to carbon dioxide emissions ends when I expel my last breath.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Given all of these things, any rational person should understand why I am unmoved by Climate Change disciples who load their children into SUV’s to go on unnecessary shopping trips to stores that sell superfluous items like battery operated cork screws. The irony of these things never seems to sink into the mind of Climate Change disciples, however. On the few occasions that I have been able to finish explaining that I restricted my carbon footprint long before they ever knew what a carbon footprint was, their anxiety actually seemed to escalate. The next message of salvation that typically flies out of their mouths is, “Not just us, the big corporations need to be stopped!”<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The rationality of the above proclamation has always eluded me. I have many reasons why I think ‘big corporations’ are ‘bad’, but none of them are based on the state of our environment. The Climate Change disciple’s concept of ‘big corporations’ seems to be that of an alien entity that has landed on our planet to set up big carbon dioxide generating stations. There are no carbon dioxide generating stations being operated by aliens though; those stations are, in point of fact, factories that are run by consumer dollars.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Factories don’t produce goods for shipment to alien worlds; they produce goods to be purchased by human consumers. If you are a consumer of goods, then you are paying to have factories output carbon dioxide in exchange for the goods they produce. In this way, big corporations, in and of themselves, have no carbon footprint at all. This, however, is exactly where the religious aspect of the Climate Change movement is revealed. Rather than atoning for their own sins, Climate Change disciples seek absolution by nailing ‘big corporations’ to an imaginary cross. No climate change disciple that I have encountered to date has ever let me complete the vocalization of this blasphemy, however.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Some environmentalists have listened quite attentively to my thoughts on this matter, and for the most part they are very receptive. Typically our discussions develop into debates over the potential of reducing our carbon footprints by way of emerging technologies. I quite enjoy such discussions because they at least recognize the causes of Climate Change rather than declaring dogmatically that unquestioning belief is the solution. Only those who are willing to engage in such discussions can ever come to understand just how heavily the odds are <a href="http://spoonheim.blogspot.com/2011/05/rule-of-72-and-doubling-time.html">stacked against us</a>.</p>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-65441444242521478262011-06-16T14:58:00.000-07:002011-06-16T15:17:43.613-07:00An Argument Against Allah (1)<div><div><p>An epistemological review by – <a target="new" href="https://profiles.google.com/Heather.Spoonheim">Heather Spoonheim</a></p></div><div><p></p></div><div><p></p></div><div><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">In the case against the existence of gods I would like to submit the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettier_problem">Gettier Problem</a>. Essentially the Gettier Problem postulates that even if claimed knowledge turns out to be true, it may not actually constitute knowledge. As an example, consider a variation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettier_problem#Case_I">Case 1</a> of the Gettier Problem:</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; "><i>Tamara works in an office where her friend, Bob Romanchuck, has applied for a job. While walking past the Human Resources office, she hears two administrators talking about how they intend to hire Bob Romanchuck for the new position. Now Tamara leaves, believing that Bob Romanchuck is going to get the job, and tells her friend that he is about to be hired. As it turns out, however, there were two Bob Romanchucks who applied for the job and it was the other Bob Romanchuck who got hired.</i></p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">This example varies a great deal from Gettier's 10 coins but only in that rather than possessing an equal number of coins the applicants possess equal names. In this case, although (a) Tamara believed that a man named Bob Romanchuck would get the job, (b) a man named Bob Romanchuck did in fact get the job, and (c) Tamara had good reason for her belief – she did not in fact have knowledge and, in point of fact, she actually had false knowledge.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Consider then that a god exists: for instance, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu">Anu</a>. Anu is a sky-god, the god of heaven, lord of constellations, king of gods, spirits and demons, and dwells in the highest heavenly regions. He also has the power to judge those who have committed crimes. Should irrefutable proof be uncovered of Anu’s existence, Christians and Muslims might instantly claim that this is their beloved Yahweh or Allah but they would in fact be irrefutably wrong. Although Anu possesses similar traits to Yahweh or Allah, he is neither Yahweh nor Allah and sent neither Jesus nor Mohammed to earth to guide mankind to salvation.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">In this instance, both Christianity and Islam would be wrong, even though they believed in a god and a god did in fact turn out to exist. Most importantly, however, their epistemology was flawed because the stories of Yahweh and Allah are known to be fabricated in the minds of men and there is no good reason to believe in their existence.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">It is not enough, therefore, to simply abstract the concept of a god and say that perhaps there is some conscious prime mover and that conscious prime mover constitutes a god. Without the third criterion of knowledge being met – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettier_problem">(c)</a> the believer must have good reason for their belief – the purported knowledge is not knowledge at all, such as illustrated in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettier_problem#Case_II">Case 2</a> of the Gettier Problem. Without falsifiable evidence for a conscious prime mover, there is no good reason for such a belief and it is therefore not knowledge.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Furthermore, even though a conscious prime mover may in fact exist, there is no way of tying that conscious prime mover to the belief of such held by any deist. Without a specific claim of justified knowledge there is no justification in asserting that the sheer coincidence of the true case of unjustified knowledge constitutes any specific thing, least of all a ‘god’ – whatever that word even means at this point in time. Like the Tamara of the aforementioned example, the deist has nothing more than knowledge of a label/name that, even in the most charitable of circumstances, may be shared with a circumstance that turns out to be true.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">To this end, one cannot rule out the possibility that a long time ago, in a galaxy far far away there was a young humanoid named Luke Skywalker who looked exactly like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hamill">Mark Hamill</a>. The existence of such a being, however, does not affirm that the fiction of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas">George Lucas</a> was, in fact, non-fiction. The creation of the mind of George Lucas remains a fiction regardless of the literal existence of a being that fits the description of one of his fabricated characters – the actual Luke Skywalker, regardless of how similar his life might have been to George Lucas’ Luke Skywalker, was not and is not George Lucas’ Luke Skywalker.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Considering all of these things and given that there is no evidence for the existence of gods, any and all claims of the existence of gods do not constitute knowledge and no such gods exist. Even if some evidence is one day discovered to prove the existence of a mighty being, creator of all things, that being must then and there be evaluated to determine whether or not it is in fact a god. Until such a time, no gods can possibly be said to exist or even postulated to exist in the form of anything one can rationally define as knowledge. There are no gods.</p></div></div>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-6841305711827284642011-05-31T18:55:00.000-07:002011-05-31T19:27:12.189-07:00The Islamic Threat<div><p>A narrative essay by – <a target="new" href="https://profiles.google.com/Heather.Spoonheim">Heather Spoonheim</a></p></div><div><p></p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">It has, of late, become impossible to compare or contrast the Abrahamic religions without encountering the theatrics of fear-mongering Islamophobes. Coherent dialogue rapidly becomes a phantom as emotional pleas propel themselves up slippery slopes, launching into nationalistic tirades. The greatest trick of the labyrinth lay in the abstractly, yet inextricably bound concepts of religion, culture, and government.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The enemies are as elusive as the various deities, who are, ironically, one. Each of the Abrahamic religions can be blamed for, as well as declared a victim of, some historic atrocity. Devotees of each chapter of the Abrahamic trilogy have killed, or been killed by, devotees of both other chapters. Many nations have state religions, or at least religions alleged to be at their foundation, but none of them rely on their god for protection; they turn, in his stead, to the weapons of man.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">For most of the life of this writer, the balance of religious violence has been confined to the conflict between Israel and Palestine. Having been cognizant of this conflict and observing, at times, daily reports on the violence, political contexts, ideologies, and grievances for over 30 years while also having read over a dozen books on the subject, one thing is clear: religion no longer has anything to do with it. Jesus Christ could appear in the Hubble Telescope tomorrow, zooming in faster than light to take his throne in Jerusalem and the Israelis and Palestinians would both start shooting at him, each declaring him to be a fraud perpetrated by the other.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Even if the entire Jewish population of Israel converted to Islam tomorrow, Palestinians would still hate them and want to kill them; so too would it be vice versa. The erasure of religion altogether would not erase the hatred of groups identified as murderers, racially defined boundaries, or the lust of politicians for garnering station and status. Failing all else, cultures would be redefined by ideologies as arbitrary as opening boiled eggs from the big or small end.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">For the rest of us, this Jewish/Muslim conflict spilled out onto the world stage on the 11th of September, in the year of the Christian lord, two thousand and one. The images of the horror were burned into the Western mind in a televised holocaust. The broadcasts repeatedly informed viewers that 50,000 people worked at the World Trade Center. As the towers collapsed, many viewers, including this writer, fell to their knees and were reminded yet again that 50,000 people worked in those towers.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Before the estimates of fatalities had dropped below ten thousand, the face and name of Osama Bin Laden were branded into the Western psyche. He was an Arab, and a known Islamic terrorist who was at the top of the FBI’s most wanted list: a prime suspect. As the estimates of fatalities continued to drop, the hatred of al-Qaeda, Islam, and Arabs in general, escalated – and the proverbial finger of blame began to swing wildly.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">A Democratic President <a href="http://articles.cnn.com/1998-08-20/us/9808_20_us.strikes.01_1_sudanese-television-bin-mullah-abdullah?_s=PM:US">had rocketed al-Qaeda training camps</a> but had failed to capture the Islamic terrorist who had openly <a href="http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm">declared war on the U.S.</a> over 3 years earlier. The Republican Commander in Chief at the time of the attacks had failed to act on intelligence reports that might have saved so many lives. The American intelligence community had dropped the ball repeatedly by not sharing information efficiently. Noam Chomsky was quick to blame Western civilization itself but that finger of blame was leveled too quickly, too harshly, and was bitten off; many still chew on it.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">By the end of the month some backward clerics from a podunk country were given an international audience. Osama Bin Laden was there, it was claimed, and that shoddy lineup of holy men wouldn’t hand him over. There was no way to declare war on the country, however, because those holy men were not recognized as the official government and, in any event, had no connection with the attacks. The solution was to declare a military action and label it a ‘War on Terror’; Ted Turner must have peed a little.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">By the end of the year it was clear that roughly 3,000 Americans had died at the hands of terrorists in the September 11 attacks; little to no attention was given to the fact that during the course of that same year Americans themselves had <a href="http://www.ucrdatatool.gov/Search/Crime/State/TrendsInOneVar.cfm">killed roughly 16,000 Americans</a>; it was time for the enemy to start spilling some blood. Who was this enemy though? We were told that we weren’t at war with Arabs, Islam, or even any single nation. In a post hoc twist, we were told that we weren’t even at war with al-Qaeda or Osama Bin Laden.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">We were at war with those who despised freedom, and we had to sacrifice freedoms to protect freedoms. We were killing people overseas so that we could spread freedom. In America, habeas corpus was suspended, the intelligence community began illegal wire taps, secret warrants, courts, and arrests were authorized, and the American President himself gave the green-light to torture – all in the name of freedom. The notion of protecting freedom became as convoluted as the notion of a god who fathered himself so he could kill himself to appease himself at the anger he harboured for that which he had himself created in his own image. The scripture for protecting freedom became bound in The Patriot Act; a scripture that was <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/patriot-act-extension-signed-into-law-despite-bipartisan-resistance-in-congress/2011/05/27/AGbVlsCH_story.html">re-consecrated today</a>, a decade after the infamous attacks.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Somewhere along the way Iraq was invaded as well; it is still occupied. The determination of civilians and enemy combatants in an occupied country is a philosophical paradox but, nonetheless, the <a href="http://spoonheim.blogspot.com/2011/05/iraq-war-civilian-fatalities.html">Iraqi death toll</a> from the ‘War on Terror’ is irrefutably into the six figures and <a href="http://spoonheim.blogspot.com/2011/05/start-gtd-summary.html#TFDByCountry_B">terrorism is more rampant</a> there than ever before. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)#Civilian_casualties">death toll in the Afghani theatre</a> of the ‘War on Terror’ is impossible to establish, but it isn’t any better than in Iraq. This is the death toll inflicted by the West in the ‘War on Terror’: a war that has never been declared on Islam but which, nonetheless seems to claim primarily Islamic victims.</p></div><div><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Today there are those who feel the need to declare Islam a threat, to ring the alarms, sound the bells, and run madly down the street screaming; others are much more eloquent in their declarations of the Islamic threat. Although terrorist have never, <a href="http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/">in a single calendar year</a>, around the world, killed more people than <a href="http://www.ucrdatatool.gov/Search/Crime/State/TrendsInOneVar.cfm">Americans kill Americans</a> in the same calendar year – they are a scourge on humanity and must be stopped. They have no nation other than Islam common to them, so it must be that religion of theirs that drives them to such madness. Their madness could not possibly derive from the occupation of their lands by foreign powers, for they have always been terrorists, all the way back to Sayyid Qutb, who was born as the world was shifting into a petroleum economy. This sarcasm only grows a little dry when it is pointed out that suicide bombers are far more frightening, even if less deadly, than American criminals with handguns.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The ‘War on Terror’ is an oxymoron, an hypocrisy, and an abject failure. The death tolls prove that the West has been the greatest terrorist in the world for the past decade. Freedom cannot be delivered to a nation; it must be won by that nation. Will the West recognize an elected Iraqi or Afghani government that does not espouse Western values? Are they free to adopt sharia as their system of law if they freely choose to do so?</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Perhaps the greatest failure of the ‘War on Terror’ is the toll it has taken on the capacity and moral stance of the West to respond to the nuclear proliferation of Iran. The one country in the Middle East that was actually on course to pose a serious threat to the world has been left to develop its nuclear capabilities. Rather than chasing phantom enemies or developing a hatred for Islam, we would have been far better reasoned to focus on Mouhmoud Ahmadinejad. Let us not, however, make the mistake of calling this man an Islamic threat.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Unlike Osama Bin Laden, Mouhmoud Ahmadinejad is a head of state who openly declares his hatred of the West and all Judaism. He is actively pursuing nuclear technology and, although we have him surrounded, any move against him is going to seal our fate with all of Islam. We are at a precipice overlooking the eternal hatred that exists between Palestine and Israel. If we allow Islamophobia to control our adrenal gland, all the terrorists need do is say boo and we’ll be diving into an ocean of hatred that will outlast our species.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">How can the West justify an attack on Iran while North Korea has been dealt with through economic sanctions? Islam is no justification at all considering the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea#Personality_cult">cult of personality</a> that surrounds Kim Jong-Il; that guy makes Mouhmoud Ahmadinejad look like Sigmund Freud. Islam, however, will be seen as the culprit whether declared as such or not.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">With the invasions and occupations of Afghanistan and Iraq, the tolerance of torture and secret prisons, and a death toll that is still ticking, the West has lost the advantage of any moral stance to which it ever laid claim. Our open ended ‘War on Terror’ is one step away from being a war on Islam and most in the East perceive the West to have crossed that line 8 years ago in full sprint. Adding cultural hatred of Islam to our repertoire will only serve as the cement that binds us to our extinction.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">If the West engages the East in a war of ideologies it will only be a matter of time until, like Israel and Palestine, religion will no longer be needed to perpetuate the violence. Honestly, this writer feels that the only option we have left is to allow Iran to develop its nuclear capability as we get our asses the hell out of there. We can always take solace in the fact that the only planet destroying nuclear arsenal in the world resides in the United States of America; let’s just make sure fundamentalist Christianity doesn’t gain control of it.</p></div>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-1229285090021293132011-05-28T13:34:00.001-07:002011-05-28T13:42:32.986-07:00What is Reality?<p>A narrative essay by – <a target="new" href="https://profiles.google.com/Heather.Spoonheim">Heather Spoonheim</a></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Recently I have run into a string of theists who suggest that I am unable to perceive reality, or that my notion of reality is as much a fairy tale as I suggest theirs to be. These assertions are most aggressively made when I tell them that creationism and/or intelligent design are not scientific models and therefore do not belong in science classrooms. When I explain that science is based on observations of physical reality, observations that either of us can make for ourselves should either of us choose to pursue that avenue, they inevitably regress to the suggestion that I cannot even define physical reality. To this end, I’ve decided to take up that challenge.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Although reality would seem to be an objective, unequivocal truth, any attempt to conclusively define it quickly deteriorates into solipsism. One begins by trying to establish the certainty of one’s own existence by identifying with the thoughts that one perceives as arising in one’s own mind. From this definition of self (I think therefore I am) it becomes clear that there are perceptions that arise exclusively within the mind (thoughts) and perceptions that arise exclusively from without (senses). Continuing further, reality can be defined as an objective interpretation of that which can be perceived outside of the mind (sensed).</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">There seems to be no way of conclusively defining reality without acknowledging the role that one’s own senses, and therefore one’s own mind, play in determining that reality. In point of fact, one’s very notion of reality is nothing more than an internal model (thought) of that which has been externally perceived (sensed). To make matters even more complicated, there exists the possibility that the very notion of reality is nothing more than a dream, that it has all been generated internally (thought).</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">If, in fact, the physical reality of which I have a notion is nothing more than a dream generated by my own mind, then I am the god of that reality: I have created it; I can manipulate it to my own will, without limit; nothing occurs within it that isn’t the product of my own will; and I am the only facet of it that will continue to exist when I have ceased to dream of it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">If, in fact, the physical reality of which I have a notion is nothing more than a dream generated not by my own mind, then I am deceived. If my thoughts are even my own, which is questionable, then the senses that I have do not reveal anything other than that which the deceiver wishes me to perceive. Such a deceiver, therefore, is determining my notion of reality and therefore corralling my notions thereof. Under such circumstance I am unable to conceive of such a deceiver by any definition other than that of a malevolent trickster, a demon.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Finally, if in fact the physical reality of which I have a notion is not a dream, that is to say that it exists independent of my notions of it, then it is something which I can only come to know through my own senses. To this end, other people whom I encounter have their own minds, independent of my own, and they too have the ability to sense the same physical world of which I am a part. Furthermore, it is possible for us to compare what we have sensed to determine whether or not our models of reality match; that is to say that we can actually exchange thoughts about the nature of the reality which we have independently sensed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Physical senses can often be deceiving though. I might perceive that there is a bat hanging in a tree only to later realize that it was a shadow. For this reason, determination of reality requires extensive investigation. The most powerful tool we have in determining physical reality is the model of collaborative investigation put forward by science. One need not be a scientist to benefit from the model it puts forth though.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">For instance, to determine the amount of money taken in at a restaurant, several people act independently to count that money at different stages. Each server counts the money they have taken in and makes a note of that amount. The head server collects all their money and counts it, as well as calculating the sum of the values entered in their notes. The accountant makes another count of that money and the money is counted yet again at the bank. If, at any given point, the amounts counted and noted by different people do not add up, the discrepancy is not adequately explained away by simply declaring that one person or the other has a different perception of reality.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">If the owner of the restaurant finds that the revenues are not to his liking he may have the thought that a thief exists. Simply thinking that the thief exists does not give rise to the existence of the thief, however. The determination of whether or not a thief exists requires an investigation, an audit of the paper trail and perhaps surveillance of the staff. If the investigation fails to prove the existence of the thief then a rational owner would have to at least entertain the notion that no such thief exists. He may cling to the notion that a thief exists simply because he does not find the revenues appealing, but that notion is not well grounded in reality.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Having such notions does not make a person less of a human being; on the contrary, I suggest that such notions are very much a part of what it means to be human. To be a rational human, however, one must accept that notions of reality do not always reflect reality and that there is in fact an objective reality to be investigated. It is this objective reality that I define as reality. It is the investigation of this reality that I call science, and it must, for the sake of rationality, remain unpolluted by notions that are not founded upon physical evidence. The notion that there is a god of some sort manipulating or propagating our reality is one that is not, and by most definitions of god cannot be, supported by the evidence and therefore it must remain outside the science classrooms of our children.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">I realize that creationists and proponents of intelligent design feel that their notions of god are being discredited by objective investigations of reality, but like the aforementioned restaurant owner they should at least entertain the notion that no such god exists. It is important that young scientists learn what it means to investigate physical reality and follow the evidence as it becomes uncovered. If there truly is a god then physical evidence for that god will eventually be discovered or else god is a deceiver, a malevolent trickster – a demon, and therefore no god at all.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Objective investigation of physical reality shows beyond a shadow of a doubt that prayer does not have the efficacy of medicine, surgery, engineering, or even sound investment strategy. Objective investigation of physical reality has proven beyond a shadow of a doubt the fallacy of the cosmological model, deluge mythology, historicity, and even some animal husbandry practices of several passages of religious scripture. Objective investigation of physical reality has revealed no evidence whatsoever that supports the notion of a god.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">I acknowledge that reality is not easily defined and my own attempt at it may fall short in the opinion of many. I have, however, at least made a sincere attempt to define it and to question my own perception of it. The only answers I can arrive at are that I am god, I am deceived by a demon, or that there are no gods or demons. The last of those three answers surely seems the most reasonable and rational. If my definition and/or conclusions fall short, then I leave the ball in your court and ask: What is reality?</p>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-60696899251316073542011-05-23T15:37:00.000-07:002011-05-23T15:51:11.956-07:00Non-Cognitive Survival<p>A narrative essay by – <a target="new" href="https://profiles.google.com/Heather.Spoonheim">Heather Spoonheim</a></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">War stories often relate extraordinary tales of soldiers who have survived the grimmest of odds. As we zoom in on a soldier hanging on for dear life in the belly of a landing craft headed for Omaha Beach we can hear the screams of those being blown to bits in the landing crafts around his. As the front wall of the craft drops to reveal hell on a beach, our soldier rushes out through a hail storm of high caliber machine gun fire that shreds the bodies of his comrades. Amazingly, he presses forth with the survivors of the other landings only to watch unknown soldiers around him being blasted into oblivion by landmines.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Death lays in wait for our heroic soldier at every turn. With every move he makes he narrowly evades the horrific obliteration of yet another comrade. And so the story continues, with morbid destruction looming over every step, all the way to Berlin. How can our soldier have possibly survived such a journey of death and destruction? The explanation is purely mathematical: fatalities did not amount to one hundred percent on any of the battlefields that he crossed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Our soldier could not possibly have known which turn was fatal and which was not. Many of his fallen comrades may have actually met literal dead ends without a survivable option being left available to them. Like many soldiers, however, our soldier was presented with non-fatal options at every step. Like a select few soldiers, as it turned out, our soldier selected the non-fatal path in every instance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">It boggles the mind to consider the odds of our soldier having not only had non-fatal options at every turn but also having made non-fatal selections all the way through. The fact of the matter is, however, that if he hadn’t had non-fatal options and made non-fatal selections all the way through then he wouldn’t have been the soldier we zoomed in on at the beginning of this story. Stories of anonymous soldiers who died three minutes into the battle are simply not very interesting. The interesting stories are those of the soldiers who survived, or at least those who survived long enough for the narrative to develop.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The selection of the soldier for this story began not in the landing craft but in Berlin. Had no soldiers survived to reach Berlin then the selection would have begun not in Berlin but in London, and the soldier would have been German. Soldiers did survive to reach Berlin, however, and it is from this pool that the selection was made. In point of fact, it is not entirely extraordinary that there were soldiers who survived to the end of the war. In point of fact, it is extraordinarily extraordinary just how many did not.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Consider if you will just how many stories had to exist in order to generate the pool of soldiers in Berlin from whom we made our selection. How many stories ended in the landing crafts, on the beaches, in the trenches, or in catatonic states of terror? How many stories never got past the first page? How many never got past the first chapter? How many stories ended in obscurity? War does not generate heroic stories, it cuts stories short and heroic stories are simply those that remain where war has failed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">This is a useful analogy for evolution. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a> is the landing craft that delivers little self-replicating soldiers to hostile environments that make Omaha Beach seem like a children’s carnival. Natural selection takes the form of fortified machine gun turrets that fire automatically in the ever-changing, mindless patterns of environmental factors. In the absence of generals to call the shots, our little self-replicating soldiers can do no more than run back and forth across the beach; there is no map to Berlin; Berlin does not even exist. This process, therefore, is entirely non-cognitive.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">In 99.9% of the cosmos, abiogenesis hasn’t even come close to the beach. On earth, abiogenesis hit the beach about 4 billion years ago. The earliest soldiers didn’t even have legs; the only option for mobility was self-replication. Soldiers that didn’t self-replicate died before exiting the landing craft. Soldiers that self-replicated perfectly only moved in straight lines and, as such, were cut to shreds. Soldiers that self-replicated terribly lost all course information and, as such, just circled about until they hit land mines. Only those soldiers that replicated with slight imperfections could retain course information while also changing course from time to time, and although they were mowed down without mercy, the odd one managed to survive for a few pages worth of narrative. It was an entirely non-cognitive process.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Environmental factors that are not harsh enough to destroy a particular organism today will change sufficiently to destroy it tomorrow. The errors that occur in self-replication may very well terminate the self-replicating process altogether - or might, against significant odds, result in attributes that facilitate survival through tomorrow’s genocidal environment. It is important to realize that every genetic change is the result of a mistake in the self-replication process: an error, not an adaptation. In this regard, every detail of every living organism represents an error in the self-replication process. It is an entirely non-cognitive process.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Every aspect of the environment represents an obstacle to survival: life continues in spite of the environment, not because of it – hospitality does not exist. Almost every line of self-replication has hit a dead end, run out of non-fatal options, and gone extinct. Because of all of this, it is inaccurate to say that evolution ‘solves problems’, ‘favours an adaptation’, or ‘reuses’ anything. Evolution is the filter through which imperfect self-replications pass or fail. The filter changes properties as the environmental factors change, but it is an entirely non-cognitive process.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The proof of the carnage lies in the fossil record and other, as yet undiscovered, genetic dead ends. Further proof lies in the vestigial genes that signify self-replication errors long past. The map back to our evolutionary Omaha Beach lies in our DNA, and binds every living thing together by virtue of having survived an horrific war that shredded almost all of our comrades.</p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">It boggles the mind to consider the odds of us having not only had non-fatal options at every turn but also having made non-fatal replication errors all the way through – over a span of 4 billion years. The explanation, however, is purely mathematical: fatalities simply did not amount to one hundred percent on any of the battlefields that we happened to cross. The fact of the matter is that if we hadn’t had non-fatal options and made non-fatal replications errors all the way through then this story wouldn’t be the one being written. Consider if you will just how many stories had to exist in order to generate this one. Evolution does not generate survival stories, it cuts stories short at every turn and survival stories are simply those that remain where natural selection has failed. It is an entirely non-cognitive process.</p>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-60379433790421794022011-05-19T15:32:00.000-07:002011-05-20T21:29:36.622-07:00Prophecy FAIL!<div><p>A narrative essay by – <a target="new" href="http://spoonheim.blogspot.com/">Heather Spoonheim</a></p></div> <p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">It is now 6 P.M., May 21, 2011 in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati">Kiribati</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC+14:00">Time zone UTC +14:00</a>) and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction">rapture has begun</a>, according to imminently-debunked, eschatological-prophet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Camping">Harold Camping</a>. One must wonder when the failure of the faithful to evaporate will become conspicuous to those in the Camping camp. For those not sharing in the delusion propagated by this repeatedly prophetic pie-eyed piper, the real questions might be when the disciple himself will disappear and whether or not he is stuffing his bindle with bundles of donations at this very moment.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">On the other hand, he may choose to stick around for one last hoot and holler as his devotees praise their messiah in a final grand hurrah before <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_suicide#Known_cult_suicides">sending themselves into the great hereafter</a>. Alternatively, he may not even be done with his milking and bilking for there may yet be money to be made before breaking out the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_Aid">Flavor Aid</a>. Many a modern religion seems to be based on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-abasement">humiliating adherents</a> and what could be more humiliating than failing to be faithful enough to be raked up by the rapture?</p> <p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The failure of Camping devotees to sell their homes, liquidate their assets, and give themselves over completely to their master belies their doubt. Surely Camping could weave their mutual failures into some sort of second chance, a great revival, and a giant paycheque. By playing off the elusiveness of the rapture as a heavenly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check-raise">check-raise</a>, Camping could cash-in like never before; but would his devotees push all their chips to the middle of the table? Only time will tell, and we have plenty of it - because the end of the world isn't arriving anytime soon.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Astoundingly, even though Camping has joined a long <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfulfilled_religious_prophecies#Predictions_by_members_of_mainstream_churches"> list of failed end-times prognosticators</a> for a <b>second time</b>, he isn't the first to accomplish this feat - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Hinn">Benny Hinn</a> is actually listed three times! Although Camping could easily match Benny by resetting his countdown timer, it is difficult to imagine the 89 year old will last long enough to have a fourth go at the apocalypse. Perhaps the old man can still secure himself a legacy in the extraordinarily audacious claims department by taking a stab at joining the long list of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_messiah_claimants#Christian_messiah_claimants">messiah claimants</a>. It would be difficult for him to outperform <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Icke">David Icke</a>, but then again, Mr. Icke has at least never humiliated anyone other than himself. The audacity displayed by Camping in turning his devotees out into the streets to spread his bullshit has surely got to be taken into account.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">In closing, the final question that remains is: when will mankind evolve past the level of gullibility it takes to entertain the ravings of these self-deluded snake charmers?</p>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-26968541652652973072011-05-19T11:09:00.000-07:002011-05-19T11:17:46.010-07:00Philosophy is Alive and Well!<div><p>A narrative essay by – <a target="new" href="http://www.facebook.com/heather.spoonheim">Heather Spoonheim</a></p></div><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">In <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Design_(book)">The Grand Design</a></i>, Stephen Hawking and fellow physicist/co-author Leonard Mlodinow <a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hot-thought/201011/is-philosophy-dead">declare that philosophy is dead</a> because it has not kept up with modern developments in science. Ironically, they then proceed to outlay a philosophical proof of their audacious claim. It seems, for the most part, that they feel quantum physics has developed sufficiently to warrant the putting to bed of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>. To this end I would agree, although I have very strong atheistic views that I have yet to defend ubiquitously against philosophical arguments.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">I would like to assert here, philosophically, that philosophy is certainly not dead but that it is, rather, alive and well – and perhaps more vital than ever. Science is certainly an essential tool for acquiring knowledge, although an understanding of what exactly constitutes knowledge remains firmly rooted in the realm of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology">epistemology</a> – a branch of philosophy, not science. For most people, including me, epistemology may often seem like a bunch of fart-sniffing navel gazing, but even I cannot refute the necessity of at least a cursory ponderance of epistemology in establishing a basis for evaluating one’s own beliefs.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The evaluation of one’s own beliefs must be a central tenet of any form of skepticism espousing itself to be free of hypocrisy. Such evaluations, and skepticism itself, rely on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking">critical thinking</a> skills that are firmly rooted in philosophy. Whether or not the skeptic embraces <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology">ontology</a>, the skeptic’s demand for evidence relies on ontological evaluations of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism">empiricism</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism">rationalism</a> as a basis for evaluating what constitutes evidence at all.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Indeed, in the absence of philosophy scientists become nothing more than technicians left unable even to determine what knowledge they should seek. Where science seeks answers, philosophy posed the question. Where science seeks truth, philosophy establishes our motivation for seeking in the first place. Where science establishes proof, philosophy finds meaning in that proof.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">It is a scientific certainty that all of man’s folly will come to an end. Timespace is finite leaving entropy to erode all flesh and, with it, all knowledge. Nothing that man can learn will prevent our ultimate demise and so we must ask: what, if anything, can be gained by our intellectual pursuits? This very question and any answers to it are the very essence of philosophy, which, more than ever, is alive and well.</p>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-655830306104747542011-05-18T03:27:00.000-07:002011-05-18T03:50:14.367-07:00Iraq War Civilian Fatalities<p>A report by – <a target="new" href="http://www.facebook.com/heather.spoonheim">Heather Spoonheim</a></p><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">With estimates for civilian casualties in Iraq ranging from one hundred thousand to one million, one must wonder – what the hell is going on? For the most part, it seems, the parties producing these numbers are making no attempts whatsoever to mislead anyone. The reason such a wide discrepancy exists between the highest and lowest numbers being reported is that the statistic is simply not a straight forward matter at all.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">In truth, only a window to an alternate reality could provide a truly objective evaluation of the civilian toll. If one could accurately determine civilian deaths in Iraq from that alternate reality and then compare those to the civilian deaths in the Iraq of our reality, the difference would provide a very objective basis for evaluation.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">In lieu of such a window, however, one is left grasping for rather elusive evidence. Essentially, the best method left available to the statistician is determining and comparing mortality rates for before and after the invasion/occupation. In a culture that demands a body be in the ground in short order, however, and in an environment where the infrastructure required to establish firm records has been compromised, sourcing such statistics is difficult, at best.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">One source, and a very fortunate one to have, is <a href="http://www.iraqbodycount.org/">Iraq Body Count</a> (IBC). Initially set up before the invasion of Iraq began, IBC has kept very meticulous records of confirmed civilian war/violence related fatalities throughout the conflict and occupation. Their record set is somewhat limited, however, since fatalities that are not reported by media sources available in English are not recorded by IBC. Even so, IBC fatality statistics must be highly regarded as setting a very reliable minimum number of civilian fatalities resulting from the Iraq war/occupation.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Substantiation of IBC’s numbers can be found in the <a href="http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/">Global Terrorism Database</a> (GTD). The GTD is an extensive database of over 87,000 terrorist ‘events’ spanning the years 1970 through 2008. A query of the GTD for events that resulted in fatalities in Iraq from 2003 through 2008 provides a record set that seems to correlate with the <a href="http://www.iraqbodycount.org/database/">IBC statement</a> of civilian deaths attributable to suicide attacks and vehicle bombs over that same period. IBC reports those numbers as deaths per day for each year, and the table below compares those numbers with GTD results for those years divided by 365.</p><br /><table style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>IBC/Day</th> <th>GTD/Day</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2003</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.4</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2004</td> <td style="text-align:center;">5.2</td> <td style="text-align:center;">7.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2005</td> <td style="text-align:center;">10.0</td> <td style="text-align:center;">12.2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2006</td> <td style="text-align:center;">16.0</td> <td style="text-align:center;">12.6</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2007</td> <td style="text-align:center;">21.0</td> <td style="text-align:center;">18.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2008</td> <td style="text-align:center;">10.0</td> <td style="text-align:center;">7.7</td> </tr></table><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">It should be noted that the GTD records only events considered to be acts of terrorism. It is unlikely that acts of inter-sectarian violence are often classified as terrorist events, resulting in the GTD not recording many fatalities that are recorded by IBC. Furthermore, given that IBC only records civilian fatalities, the IBC does not record fatalities of military personnel listed in the GTD. Considering these differences in methodology, it is rather notable that the resulting numbers from each database correlate so tightly. The only year for which the GTD records more fatalities than IBC is 2004, although it might be assumed that in the early months following the invasion there were many more military than civilian targets, or that the military has been more capable than the general public in adapting defenses to suicide attacks and vehicle bombs.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The IBC firmly establishes the minimum number of violent civilian fatalities that have occurred during the Iraq war/occupation, and it is also an invaluable tool for determining an expected distribution of such fatalities. The full total of excess civilian deaths of the Iraq war/occupation, however, cannot be established with such certainty.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The methodology for determining total excess civilian deaths requires the use of well designed interviews of members of randomly selected clusters of households and established practices of interpreting the resulting data. To date there are only two peer reviewed studies that have attempted this task - a rather daunting one considering the security issues faced by doing door to door surveys in an unstable country, with at least one survey taker actually becoming a statistic himself.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">One of those peer reviewed studies, published in the <a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(06)69491-9/abstract">Lancet</a>, estimated that there were over 600,000 excess violent civilian deaths from the invasion/occupation by June of 2006. The other peer reviewed study published in the <a href="http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0707782">New England Journal of Medicine</a> by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Family_Health_Survey">Iraq Family Health Survey</a> (IFHS) estimated that there were approximately 150,000 excess violent civilian deaths during the same period. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War">By comparison</a>, IBC reported approximately 100,000 confirmed violent civilian deaths being accumulated by October of 2006.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Given the 100,000 confirmed deaths recorded by IBC, one is left to wonder how the 600,000 estimate reported in the Lancet could vary so greatly from the 150,000 estimate reported by the IFHS. There have been wide ranging criticisms of both reports that go well beyond the scope of this short review. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_surveys_of_Iraq_War_casualties#Criticisms.2C_countercriticisms">criticisms of the Lancet report</a>, however, seem to be made from incredulity and focus mostly on the sample sizes and true randomness of distribution. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Family_Health_Survey#Reactions_and_Criticisms">criticisms of the IFHS report</a>, on the other hand, seem to center on the potential for underreporting of violent causes of death due to the involvement of government affiliated survey takers and a ministry controlled by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr">Moktada al Sadr</a>.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">As the death toll in Iraq continues to accumulate, those who profit from sensational headlines tend to gravitate towards seven figure casualty estimates. Staunchly conservative analysts, conversely, gravitate towards the barely six figure number of confirmed fatalities reported by IBC. The truth of the matter, however, would seem to lay somewhere in between. Even assuming a rather moderate figure of 250,000 civilian casualties of the Iraq war and occupation to date, it is sobering to realize that the civilian cost of just that one theatre of battle in the ‘War on Terror’ is greater than the total worldwide death toll from <a href="http://spoonheim.blogspot.com/2011/05/start-gtd-summary.html#TFD">terrorism during the entire lifetime of this writer</a>, and yet the occupation and violence are far from over.</p>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-31776428468143800802011-05-16T06:11:00.000-07:002011-05-16T07:46:00.400-07:00The Rule of 72 and Doubling Time<p>A narrative essay by – <a target="new" href="http://www.facebook.com/heather.spoonheim">Heather Spoonheim</a></p><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The drunken haze that I refer to as my ‘first year in University’ instilled within me three distinctly poignant lessons: that I did not want, in any way, shape, or form, to become a teacher; that one should never add water to a jar containing sodium just because there doesn’t seem to be enough fluid covering it; and that statistics are the bane of the layman.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">One Sunday afternoon when my informal Dr. Who fan club couldn’t find a free venue in which to congregate, smoke, and watch our favorite show, I found myself sitting alone reading <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Lie_with_Statistics">How to Lie with Statistics</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Huff">Darrell Huff</a>. It was a book that changed my life because, for the first time, I realized that mathematics could tell lies. Darrell Huff taught me that cold, hard, irrefutable mathematical reductions could invoke false beliefs, without need for any mathematical trickery whatsoever.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The problem is that math is amoral and unsocial; it just has no concept of right or wrong and it has absolutely no desire at all to communicate with us. If one wants to understand what math has to say then one must learn the language of math for, like all too many Anglophones, math simply refuses to communicate in the vernacular. You see, it isn’t so much that math tells lies but, rather, that it speaks its own language and cares not what meaning we glean from its pronouncements. The misrepresentations conveyed by math are actually the result of our own shortcomings. Consider the following two statements:</p><br /><ul><li style="font-style:italic;">This portfolio will double every 10 years.</li><li style="font-style:italic;">This portfolio will provide 7.2% annual growth.</li></ul><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Which one sounds like the better investment to you? If you are a layman of mathematics then you may be surprised to learn that both statements predict the same returns. This is an illustration of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_72">the rule of 72</a>. The rule of 72 is a rule of thumb that aids in the prediction of doubling time. Essentially, if you divide 72 by the percentage of growth (72 divided by 7.2), the result will be the number of cycles (years) it takes for the original amount to double. If something increases by 7% per month, then it will double in roughly 10 months. If something increases by 10% per year, then it will take roughly 7.2 years to double.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">This one little rule of thumb is critical for making decisions in today’s world, yet few people are even aware of it. When newspapers report that inflation for the year was 3.6%, most people just shrug that off as some discreet and irrelevant economic statistic. Inflation, however, represents the amount by which prices have gone up in the consumer market. Although 3.6% inflation may seem irrelevant, the realization that your grocery bill has doubled over the past 20 years can be startling.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">When I was a wee child, a bottle of soda cost 25 cents; now the bottle is made of plastic and the price is a dollar. For those not inclined to do the math on this one, either inflation has been greater than 3.6% during my lifetime or it has been more than 40 years since my earliest memory of pulling a soda out of a vending machine. You see, at an annual inflation rate of 3.6%, it takes 20 years (72 divided by 3.6) for the price of soda to double. After 20 years, that 25 cent bottle came to cost 50 cents, and after another 20 years it came cost one dollar.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The very concept of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubling_time">doubling time</a> itself is a difficult concept for most people to grasp. The most powerful illustration of doubling time that I’ve ever heard involves a tale about a man who invented the game of chess for his king. The king was so impressed that he offered the inventor anything that his heart desired. The inventor, being mischievous as well as mathematically inclined, told the king that he desired a precisely determined amount of rice. He stated that he wanted one grain of rice for the first square on the board, two for the next square, and then three, and so on, for every square on the board. The king laughed at the inventor’s seemingly paltry wish and granted that it should be so.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Now there are 64 squares on a chessboard, and after only 8 squares (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 …) the king made a keen observation. The next number was going to be 256, and it so happens that 1+2+4+8+16+32+64+128=255. This, he accurately surmised, meant that each time the amount was doubled the result was one greater than the total number of grains that had already been granted. The inventor was kind enough to inform the king that this mathematical truth was going to play a big roll in the future of his kingdom.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">By the end of the second row the court jester had taken several days to count the 32,768 grains of rice required for the 16th square. The king, becoming very concerned at the prospect of having to count so many grains of rice, asked the inventor if they could just start weighing the rice instead. The inventor agreed, and they determined that the 32,768 grains of rice weighed about 8 kilograms and so it was that they continued with the payments by weight. By the end of the 3rd row, the king was amazed to find that four carts had to be employed to hall in the 2,048 kilograms of rice required for the 24th square. By the end of the 4th row, however, things started looking grim for the king as cart after cart had to be driven into the castle for days in order to provide the necessary 524,288 kilograms of rice that were required for the 32nd square.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The king became furious as he pondered the toll impending on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_and_chessboard_problem#Second_half_of_the_chessboard">second half of the chessboard</a>, and he asked the inventor just how many grains of rice it would take to fulfill the entire contract. The inventor told the king that the number of grains of rice required for the 64th square would be 9,223,372,036,854,775,808. Since every time the amount was calculated for a square it would result in a number that was one greater than all the rice previously granted, the rice already granted by that time would be 9,223,372,036,854,775,807. The sum of the two numbers, he said, was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_and_chessboard_problem">18,446,744,073,709,551,615</a> – or roughly 2 trillion metric tons of rice. The king seized upon the inventor and promptly cut off his head.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">This little story about the rice and the chessboard has always stuck with me because of just how profoundly it illustrates the potential of exponential growth. Armed with this knowledge, and the rule of 72, one can actually begin to understand why so many economists and scientists are so preoccupied with studying trends. To this end, let us consider how short sighted the king’s murderous rage might have been.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">As the king had accurately surmised, every time the number was doubled, the result was actually greater than the sum of all the previous numbers. The inventor had also been kind enough to inform the king that this mathematical truth was going to play a big roll in the future of his kingdom. The trouble, though, was that the king had no idea what the inventor had meant by that and the poor sod’s head was already rolling around the courtyard before the king had regained the presence of mind to ask for clarification.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The king called upon his barristers to find out if he was obligated by any other contracts that stipulated a doubling of payments and they assured him that he was not. The king then racked his brain to think of anything in his kingdom that had ever doubled. The only thing he could think of was the number of farms he had raided to keep his kingdom well fed. In the last year of his father’s reign, the old man had raided 40 farms. After the old man died, passing the crown to the foolish chessboard king, it took 7 long years to increase that number to 80, and he remembered it well for he had thrown a big celebration to commend his knights on having doubled their efforts. It suddenly dawned on him that it had been about 7 years since that glorious celebration, and this year’s plans were to raid 160 farms.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">This didn’t seem quite the same as the problem with the chessboard, however, for the raids had never doubled in one year. The king consulted with the court scholar on the matter, and the scholar assured him that the number of raids only increased by a little over 10% each year so their was certainly no reason to worry about a repeat of the chessboard fiasco. (Reminder: by the rule of 72, a 10% annual growth rate produces a doubling time of roughly 7 years: 72 divided by 10.)<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Unfortunately, although the scholar knew about the rule of 72, and had recently witnessed how doubling values lead to exponential growth, he just didn’t understand how such equations could impact something like farm raids. Since the king’s father had raided 40 farms the year before handing over the crown, the king himself, raiding 10% more each year, had kicked off his reign with 44 raids. In the 7th year of his reign he raided 80 farms, and in year 14 he planned to raid 160. How then, might the next 7 years look in terms of raids? These numbers are illustrated in the table below.</p><br /><table title="Farm Raids" style="border-spacing:5px; margin:auto;"> <caption style="text-align:left;">Farm Raids</caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Period 1</th> <th>Period 2</th> <th>Period 3</th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"></td> <td style="text-align:center;">44</td> <td style="text-align:center;">88</td> <td style="text-align:center;">177</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">49</td> <td style="text-align:center;">98</td> <td style="text-align:center;">195</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">54</td> <td style="text-align:center;">108</td> <td style="text-align:center;">216</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">59</td> <td style="text-align:center;">119</td> <td style="text-align:center;">238</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">66</td> <td style="text-align:center;">131</td> <td style="text-align:center;">263</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">72</td> <td style="text-align:center;">145</td> <td style="text-align:center;">290</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-bottom:2px; border-bottom:1px inset gray; text-align:center;">80</td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px; border-bottom:1px inset gray; text-align:center;">160</td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px; border-bottom:1px inset gray; text-align:center;">320</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">Totals:</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border-top:1px inset gray; text-align:center;">424</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border-top:1px inset gray; text-align:center;">849</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border-top:1px inset gray; text-align:center;">1699</td> </tr></tbody></table><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">As you can see, not only does the number of annual farms raids move from 80 to 160, but the total number of farms raided in periods one and two also doubles. Furthermore, with the number of annual farm raids predicted to double again, to 320, the total number of raids for period 3 (1699) is actually greater than for the 14 years previous to that period (424+849=1273). Although the number of raids was only increasing by 10% per year, the number of farms that the king would need to raid in any given 7 year period would actually be greater than the sum total of all farms he had ever raided before that period, in the entire history of his kingdom. At some point, perhaps in his great-grandson’s reign, there simply wouldn’t be enough farms in all of India to raid. If you don’t believe this then please re-read the chessboard segment of this article.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">In 1977, when U.S. President Jimmy Carter said that the world had used more oil in each of the preceding decades than had been consumed previous to those decades, in the history of the world, millions upon millions of people laughed openly. Hopefully the reader has gained enough from this article so as not to ever be moved to laughter by such ignorance, for even today, few people realize just how dramatically that consumption trend had to be altered. The fact is that we haven’t been able to double our oil usage in any 10 year period that followed that speech. Today we need to face the fact that we will <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oil">never again double that number</a>, for we’ve already consumed half of all that was ever available and we would need more than what is left to ever double our consumption again.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">We must acknowledge, therefore, the importance of remaining diligent in observing trends in all forms of economic growth and consumption. Today, rather than raiding farms, we seek out new sources of energy as petroleum sources begin to decline. As we continue to double our energy consumption, however, we will find that there are only so many rivers to be dammed, only so much uranium to be mined, and only so much wind to be harvested. Even though the sun is, for us, an eternal source of energy, our ability to harvest that energy is dependant upon our ability to source out the materials required for that harvest. Eventually we must face the fact that there are a finite number of farms for us to raid.</p>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-11085448935480913492011-05-14T02:23:00.000-07:002011-05-14T21:16:27.684-07:00START GTD SUMMARY<p>A statistical summary by – <a target="new" href="http://www.facebook.com/heather.spoonheim">Heather Spoonheim</a></p><br /><!--**************** Synopsis **************************************--><br /><h2><a name="Synopsis">Synopsis - GTD</a><div style="float:right"><a title="Table of Contents" href="#TOC">TOC</a></div></h2><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The information included herein summarizes data from the <a href="http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/">Global Terrorism Database</a> (GTD), maintained by <a href="http://www.start.umd.edu/start/">The National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism</a> (START), based at the University of Maryland. At the time of this writing, May 14, 2001, the START webpage states that the GTD includes information on over 87,000 terrorist events, spanning the years 1970 through 2008.</p><br /><!--**************** Disclaimer **************************************--><br /><h2><a name="Disclaimer">Disclaimer</a><div style="float:right"><a title="Table of Contents" href="#TOC">TOC</a></div></h2><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The information included herein is not guaranteed for accuracy. It is recommended that the following information only be used with a citation to the <a href="#Synopsis">GTD</a> so that queries can be rechecked for accuracy.</p><br /><!--**************** TFD **************************************--><br /><h2><a name="TFD">The Total Fatalities Dataset (TFD)</a><div style="float:right"><a title="Table of Contents" href="#TOC">TOC</a></div></h2><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">A May 14, 2001 query of the <a href="#Synopsis">GTD</a> for records that included a non-zero entry for fatal casualties returned 36,153 records. This dataset of 36,153 records is herein called the Total Fatalities Dataset (TFD). The oldest events in the TFD are GTD ID records 197000000001, 197001000001, and 197001110001 (all 3 are referenced here because the first two do not specify the day of the event, although all three are dated for 1970). The most recent event in the TFD is GTD ID number 200812310012, which specifies a date of December 31, 2008. There are 5 events in the TFD that specify a date of December 31, 2008.(<a href="#Disclaimer">Disclaimer</a>)</p><br /><!--**************** TOC START **************************************--><br /><h2><a name="TOC">Table of Contents</a></h2><br /><ul><li><a href="#Synopsis">Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="#Disclaimer">Disclaimer</a></li><li><a href="#TFD">The Total Fatalities Dataset (TFD)</a></li><li><a href="#GeneralSummary">General Summaries of the TFD</a></li><li><a href="#TFDTables">Table Summaries of the TFD</a></li><ul><li><a href="#TFDByCountry">Total Fatalities by Country</a></li><ul><li><a href="#TFDByCountry_A">sorted by country</a></li><li><a href="#TFDByCountry_B">sorted by fatalities</a></li></ul><li><a href="#TFDByGroup">Total Fatalities by Terrorist Group</a></li><ul><li><a href="#TFDBy1000">Terrorist Groups Killing 1000 or More</a></li><li><a href="#TFDByQaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li></ul><li><a href="#TFDByCount">Fatalities Count Distribution</a></li><li><a href="#TFDByWorst">Worst Terrorist Events</a></li></ul><li><a href="#TFDGraphs">Graph Summaries of the TFD</a></li><ul><li><a href="#TFDByYear">Graph of Worldwide Fatalities Per Year</a></li><li><a href="#TFD_Cumulative">Graph of Worldwide Fatalities - Cumulative</a></li></ul></ul><br /><!--********************* General Summary ******************************************--><br /><h2><a name="GeneralSummary">General Summaries of the TFD</a><div style="float:right"><a title="Table of Contents" href="#TOC">TOC</a></div></h2><br /><ul><br /><li>The <a href="#TFD">TFD</a> includes records of 36,153 terrorist events that resulted in at least 1 fatal casualty.</li><br /><li>The total number of fatalities recorded in the <a href="#TFD">TFD</a> is 201,594.</li><br /><li>There are 3,355 records in the <a href="#TFD">TFD</a> which do not specify a count of non-fatal casualties.</li><br /><li>There are 32,798 records in the <a href="#TFD">TFD</a> which do specify a count of non-fatal casualties. These 32,798 records record a total of 178,025 fatal casualties and 196,202 non-fatal casualties.</li><br /><li>There are 19,329 records in the <a href="#TFD">TFD</a> which specify 0 non-fatal casualties. These 19,329 records record a total of 95,262 fatal casualties and include; 9157 records that specify 1 fatal casualty, 2973 records that specify 2 casualties, and 1625 records that specify 3 casualties. GTD ID number 199404130008 references a record that specifies 0 non-fatal casualties and 1180 fatal casualties.</li><br /><li>The <a href="#TFD">TFD</a> contains 1510 different entries for terrorist groups, including the designation “Unknown” and 6 other entries containing the word ‘Unknown’. Records specifying the terrorist group as ‘Unknown’ record 62,136 fatalities and records containing a terrorist group entry containing the word ‘Unknown’ (although not just ‘Unknown’) record 38 fatalities.</li><br /><li><a href="#Disclaimer">Disclaimer</a></li><br /></ul><br /><!--**************** Table Summaries **************************************--><br /><h2><a name="TFDTables">Table Summaries of the TFD</a><div style="float:right"><a title="Table of Contents" href="#TOC">TOC</a></div></h2><br /><h3><a name="TFDByCountry">Total Fatalities by Country</a></h3><br /><h4><a name="TFDByCountry_A">Total Fatalities by Country - sorted by country</a><div style="float:right"><a title="Table of Contents" href="#TOC">TOC</a></div></h4><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The following table summarizes the <a href="#TFD">TFD</a> by country, showing total fatalities for each country as well as the totals for the 5 year periods preceding the years indicated.(note that the <a href="#TFD">TFD</a> ends on December 31,2008)(<a href="#Disclaimer">Disclaimer</a>)</p><br /><!--**************** TABLE 1.A **************************************--><br /><table style="border:1px outset gray; border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; margin:auto;"> <tr> <th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">Country</th> <th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">1975</th> <th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">1980</th> <th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">1985</th> <th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">1990</th> <th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">1995</th> <th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">2000</th> <th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">2005</th> <th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">2010</th> <th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">Total</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Afghanistan</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">53</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">138</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">148</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">105</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">866</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3493</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4803</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Albania</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">80</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">83</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Algeria</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">288</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6708</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1660</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">563</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9219</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Angola</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">19</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">467</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">363</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">371</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">747</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1040</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3007</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Argentina</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">52</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">276</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">34</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">119</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">486</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Armenia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">16</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">16</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">32</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Australia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">23</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Austria</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">20</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Azerbaijan</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">204</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">209</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Bahrain</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Bangladesh</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">300</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">217</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">102</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">167</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">77</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">876</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Barbados</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">73</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">76</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Belarus</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Belgium</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">16</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">32</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Belize</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Bhutan</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Bolivia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">16</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">35</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Bosnia-Herzegovina</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">27</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">14</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">46</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Botswana</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Brazil</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">48</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">15</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">42</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">44</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">20</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">176</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Bulgaria</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Burkina Faso</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Burundi</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">804</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2809</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">531</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">76</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4220</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Cambodia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">237</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">168</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">26</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">447</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Cameroon</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">52</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">34</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">86</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Canada</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">332</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">336</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Central African Republic</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">14</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">26</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Chad</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">210</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">81</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">20</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">247</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">558</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Chile</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">79</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">99</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">30</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">214</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">China</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">20</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">25</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">95</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">42</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">38</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">220</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Colombia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">282</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1810</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4200</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1961</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2781</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1458</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">419</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12912</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Congo (Brazzaville)</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">15</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">109</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">47</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">171</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Congo (Kinshasa)</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">328</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">164</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">431</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">966</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Corsica</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">19</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Costa Rica</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Croatia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">239</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">241</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Cuba</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Cyprus</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">25</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Czech Republic</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Czechoslovakia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Denmark</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Djibouti</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">237</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">263</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Dominica</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Dominican Republic</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">30</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">East Germany (GDR)</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Ecuador</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">30</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">45</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Egypt</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">68</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">17</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">53</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">225</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">42</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">112</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">522</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">El Salvador</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">328</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8891</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2482</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">741</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12444</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Equatorial Guinea</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Eritrea</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Ethiopia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">131</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">200</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">41</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">507</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">255</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1152</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Fiji</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Finland</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">France</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">44</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">73</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">60</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">202</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">French Guiana</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Gabon</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Gambia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Georgia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">96</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">116</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">32</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">252</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Germany</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">17</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">23</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Ghana</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Gibraltar</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Great Britain</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">88</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">27</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">68</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">293</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">72</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">565</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Greece</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">99</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">17</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">19</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">92</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">54</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">63</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">348</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Grenada</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Guadeloupe</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Guatemala</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">125</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4172</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">580</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">166</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">36</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5094</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Guinea</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">109</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">110</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Guinea-Bissau</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Guyana</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">29</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">37</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Haiti</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">212</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">24</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">264</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Honduras</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">101</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">57</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">25</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">218</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Hong Kong</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Hungary</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">India</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">31</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">359</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2828</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3285</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2566</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3753</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2849</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">15671</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Indonesia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">92</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">64</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">182</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">640</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">87</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1072</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">International</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Iran</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">527</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">447</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">91</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">88</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">121</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1317</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Iraq</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">105</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">43</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">132</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">325</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3235</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">18440</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">22293</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Ireland</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">46</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">24</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">22</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">109</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Israel</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">110</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">145</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">40</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">86</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">135</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">122</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">966</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">168</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1772</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Italy</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">88</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">80</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">186</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">403</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Ivory Coast</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">34</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">30</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">58</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">123</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Jamaica</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">16</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Japan</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">36</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Jordan</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">64</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">81</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Kazakhstan</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Kenya</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">31</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">184</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">426</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">26</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">182</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">866</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Kosovo</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">42</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">76</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">121</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Kuwait</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">14</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">38</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Kyrgyzstan</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Laos</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">20</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">25</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Latvia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Lebanon</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">93</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1080</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1330</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">251</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">120</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">32</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">220</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3130</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Lesotho</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">29</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">33</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Liberia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">139</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">151</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Libya</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">15</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">15</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Macedonia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">69</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">71</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Madagascar</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Malawi</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">30</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">32</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Malaysia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">105</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">29</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">134</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Mali</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">170</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">75</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">245</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Malta</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Mauritania</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">35</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">39</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Mexico</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">81</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">17</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">74</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">339</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">55</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">575</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Moldova</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Morocco</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">202</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">71</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">291</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Mozambique</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">36</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">115</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1799</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">603</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2572</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Myanmar</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">86</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">30</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">288</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">297</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">102</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">24</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">64</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">891</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Namibia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">37</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">34</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">96</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">46</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">229</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Nepal</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">71</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1574</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">507</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2167</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Netherlands</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">20</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">New Caledonia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">24</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">35</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">New Zealand</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Nicaragua</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">306</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7884</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2992</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">97</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11281</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Niger</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">174</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">71</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">62</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">65</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">372</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Nigeria</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">158</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">289</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">166</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">435</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1053</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">North Yemen</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Northern Ireland</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">876</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">799</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">373</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">376</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">213</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">104</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">22</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2768</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Norway</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Pakistan</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">14</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">46</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">435</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">607</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1414</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1007</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3133</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6657</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Panama</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">33</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Papua New Guinea</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">39</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">64</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Paraguay</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Peru</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4637</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4385</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3275</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">211</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">62</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">39</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12614</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Philippines</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">46</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">283</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">843</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2109</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1253</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">342</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1549</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">478</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6903</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Poland</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Portugal</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">19</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">34</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Puerto Rico</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">22</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Qatar</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Rhodesia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">193</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">24</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">217</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Romania</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Russia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">20</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">789</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2470</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">337</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3616</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Rwanda</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1670</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1396</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">30</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3098</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Saudi Arabia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">64</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">19</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">163</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">261</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Senegal</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">63</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">157</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">50</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">276</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Serbia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Serbia-Montenegro</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Sierra Leone</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">338</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">399</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">765</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Singapore</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Slovak Republic</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Solomon Islands</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Somalia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">30</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">14</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">199</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">111</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">911</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1266</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">South Africa</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">22</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">103</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">580</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1190</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">103</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">14</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2013</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">South Korea</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">192</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">201</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">South Vietnam</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">81</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">81</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Soviet Union</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">85</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">95</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Spain</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">27</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">289</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">290</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">240</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">98</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">18</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">287</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">16</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1265</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Sri Lanka</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">490</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5319</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3356</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2557</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">613</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1388</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13725</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Sudan</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">307</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">80</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">57</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">53</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">114</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1042</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1656</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Suriname</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">29</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Swaziland</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Sweden</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">27</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">38</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Switzerland</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">47</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">14</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">72</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Syria</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">86</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">380</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">65</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">15</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">24</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">579</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Taiwan</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">25</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">23</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">52</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Tajikistan</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">19</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">109</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">22</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">151</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Tanzania</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Thailand</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">92</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">97</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">43</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">51</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">16</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">140</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">864</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1305</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Timor-Leste</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">46</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">61</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Togo</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">57</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">58</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Tunisia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">41</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">37</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">14</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">101</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Turkey</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">199</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">160</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">549</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2291</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">457</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">168</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">175</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4003</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Uganda</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">413</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">266</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">86</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">982</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1056</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">169</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2985</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Ukraine</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">United Arab Emirates</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">114</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">122</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">United States</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">120</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">52</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">39</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">205</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3013</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3452</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Uruguay</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Uzbekistan</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">36</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">49</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">87</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Venezuela</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">44</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">71</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">52</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">171</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">West Bank and Gaza Strip</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">58</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">89</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">218</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">649</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">213</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1266</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">West Germany (FRG)</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">33</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">25</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">27</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">95</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Western Sahara</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Yemen</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">16</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">36</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">55</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">136</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">243</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Yugoslavia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">119</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">145</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Zambia</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">44</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">20</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">71</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Zimbabwe</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">63</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">64</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">16</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">159</td> </tr> </table><br /><h4><a name="TFDByCountry_B">Total Fatalities by Country - sorted by fatalities</a><div style="float:right"><a title="Table of Contents" href="#TOC">TOC</a></div></h4><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The following table summarizes the <a href="#TFD">TFD</a> by country, showing total fatalities for each country as well as the totals for the 5 year periods preceding the years indicated.(note that the <a href="#TFD">TFD</a> ends on December 31,2008)(<a href="#Disclaimer">Disclaimer</a>)</p><br /><!--**************** TABLE 1.b **************************************--><br /><table style="border:1px outset gray; border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; margin:auto;"><tr><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">Country</th><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">1975</th><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">1980</th><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">1985</th><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">1990</th><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">1995</th><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">2000</th><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">2005</th><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">2010</th><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">Total</th></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Iraq</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">105</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">43</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">132</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">325</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3235</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">18440</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">22293</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">India</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">31</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">359</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2828</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3285</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2566</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3753</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2849</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">15671</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Sri Lanka</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">490</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5319</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3356</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2557</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">613</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1388</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13725</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Colombia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">282</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1810</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4200</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1961</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2781</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1458</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">419</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12912</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Peru</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4637</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4385</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3275</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">211</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">62</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">39</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12614</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">El Salvador</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">328</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8891</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2482</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">741</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12444</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Nicaragua</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">306</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7884</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2992</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">97</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11281</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Algeria</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">288</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6708</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1660</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">563</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9219</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Philippines</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">46</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">283</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">843</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2109</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1253</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">342</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1549</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">478</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6903</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Pakistan</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">14</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">46</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">435</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">607</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1414</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1007</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3133</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6657</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Guatemala</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">125</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4172</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">580</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">166</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">36</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5094</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Afghanistan</td><td class="xl28 c8" width="64"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">53</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">138</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">148</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">105</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">866</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3493</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4803</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Burundi</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">804</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2809</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">531</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">76</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4220</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Turkey</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">199</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">160</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">549</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2291</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">457</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">168</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">175</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4003</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Russia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">20</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">789</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2470</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">337</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3616</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">United States</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">120</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">52</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">39</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">205</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3013</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3452</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Lebanon</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">93</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1080</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1330</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">251</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">120</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">32</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">220</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3130</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Rwanda</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1670</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1396</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">30</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3098</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Angola</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">19</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">467</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">363</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">371</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">747</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1040</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3007</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Uganda</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">413</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">266</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">86</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">982</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1056</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">169</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2985</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Northern Ireland</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">876</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">799</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">373</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">376</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">213</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">104</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">22</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2768</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Mozambique</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">36</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">115</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1799</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">603</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2572</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Nepal</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">71</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1574</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">507</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2167</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">South Africa</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">22</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">103</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">580</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1190</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">103</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">14</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2013</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Israel</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">110</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">145</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">40</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">86</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">135</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">122</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">966</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">168</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1772</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Sudan</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">307</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">80</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">57</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">53</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">114</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1042</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1656</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Iran</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">527</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">447</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">91</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">88</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">121</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1317</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Thailand</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">92</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">97</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">43</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">51</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">16</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">140</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">864</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1305</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Somalia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">30</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">14</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">199</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">111</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">911</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1266</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">West Bank and Gaza Strip</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">58</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">89</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">218</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">649</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">213</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1266</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Spain</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">27</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">289</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">290</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">240</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">98</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">18</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">287</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">16</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1265</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Ethiopia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">131</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">200</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">41</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">507</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">255</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1152</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Indonesia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">92</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">64</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">182</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">640</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">87</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1072</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Nigeria</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">158</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">289</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">166</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">435</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1053</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Congo (Kinshasa)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">328</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">164</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">431</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">966</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Myanmar</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">86</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">30</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">288</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">297</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">102</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">24</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">64</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">891</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Bangladesh</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">300</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">217</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">102</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">167</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">77</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">876</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Kenya</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">31</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">184</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">426</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">26</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">182</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">866</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Sierra Leone</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">338</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">399</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">765</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Syria</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">86</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">380</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">65</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">15</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">24</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">579</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Mexico</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">81</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">17</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">74</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">339</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">55</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">575</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Great Britain</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">88</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">27</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">68</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">293</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">72</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">565</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Chad</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">210</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">81</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">20</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">247</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">558</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Egypt</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">68</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">17</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">53</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">225</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">42</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">112</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">522</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Argentina</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">52</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">276</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">34</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">119</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">486</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Cambodia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">237</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">168</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">26</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">447</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Italy</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">88</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">80</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">186</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">403</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Niger</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">174</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">71</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">62</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">65</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">372</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Greece</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">99</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">17</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">19</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">92</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">54</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">63</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">348</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Canada</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">332</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">336</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Morocco</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">202</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">71</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">291</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Senegal</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">63</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">157</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">50</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">276</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Haiti</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">212</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">24</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">264</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Djibouti</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">237</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">263</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Saudi Arabia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">64</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">19</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">163</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">261</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Georgia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">96</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">116</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">32</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">252</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Mali</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">170</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">75</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">245</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Yemen</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">16</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">36</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">55</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">136</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">243</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Croatia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">239</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">241</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Namibia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">37</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">34</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">96</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">46</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">229</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">China</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">20</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">25</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">95</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">42</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">38</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">220</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Honduras</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">101</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">57</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">25</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">218</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Rhodesia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">193</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">24</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">217</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Chile</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">79</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">99</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">30</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">214</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Azerbaijan</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">204</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">209</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">France</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">44</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">73</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">60</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">202</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">South Korea</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">192</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">201</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Brazil</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">48</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">15</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">42</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">44</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">20</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">176</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Congo (Brazzaville)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">15</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">109</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">47</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">171</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Venezuela</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">44</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">71</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">52</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">171</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Zimbabwe</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">63</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">64</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">16</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">159</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Liberia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">139</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">151</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Tajikistan</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">19</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">109</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">22</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">151</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Yugoslavia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">119</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">145</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Malaysia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">105</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">29</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">134</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Ivory Coast</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">34</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">30</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">58</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">123</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">United Arab Emirates</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">114</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">122</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Kosovo</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">42</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">76</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">121</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Guinea</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">109</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">110</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Ireland</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">46</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">24</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">22</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">109</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Tunisia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">41</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">37</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">14</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">101</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Soviet Union</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">85</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">95</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">West Germany (FRG)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">33</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">25</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">27</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">95</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Uzbekistan</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">36</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">49</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">87</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Cameroon</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">52</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">34</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">86</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Albania</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">80</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">83</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Jordan</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">64</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">81</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">South Vietnam</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">81</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">81</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Barbados</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">73</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">76</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Switzerland</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">47</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">14</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">72</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Macedonia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">69</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">71</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Zambia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">44</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">20</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">71</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Papua New Guinea</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">39</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">64</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Timor-Leste</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">46</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">61</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Togo</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">57</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">58</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Taiwan</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">25</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">23</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">52</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Bosnia-Herzegovina</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">27</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">14</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">46</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Ecuador</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">30</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">45</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Mauritania</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">35</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">39</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Kuwait</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">14</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">38</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Sweden</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">27</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">38</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Guyana</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">29</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">37</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Japan</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">36</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Bolivia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">16</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">35</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">New Caledonia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">24</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">35</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Portugal</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">19</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">34</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Lesotho</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">29</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">33</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Panama</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">33</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Armenia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">16</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">16</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">32</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Belgium</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">16</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">32</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Malawi</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">30</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">32</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Dominican Republic</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">30</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Suriname</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">29</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Jamaica</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">16</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Central African Republic</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">14</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">26</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Cyprus</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">25</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Laos</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">20</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">25</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Australia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">23</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Germany</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">17</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">23</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Puerto Rico</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">22</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Austria</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">20</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Netherlands</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">20</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Corsica</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">19</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Libya</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">15</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">15</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Costa Rica</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Gambia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Guinea-Bissau</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Kyrgyzstan</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">13</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Bahrain</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Madagascar</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Moldova</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Paraguay</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Tanzania</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">12</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Botswana</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Bulgaria</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Gabon</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Kazakhstan</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Qatar</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Bhutan</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Finland</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Grenada</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Guadeloupe</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Solomon Islands</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Cuba</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Serbia-Montenegro</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Malta</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Ukraine</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Uruguay</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Eritrea</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Poland</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Romania</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Singapore</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Slovak Republic</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Dominica</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Gibraltar</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">North Yemen</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Swaziland</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Belarus</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Belize</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Burkina Faso</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Czech Republic</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Denmark</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">East Germany (GDR)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Ghana</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Hungary</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">International</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Latvia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Serbia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Czechoslovakia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Equatorial Guinea</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Fiji</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">French Guiana</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Hong Kong</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">New Zealand</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Norway</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Western Sahara</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;"> </td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td></tr></table><br /><h3><a name="TFDByGroup">Total Fatalities by Terrorist Group</a></h3><br /><h4><a name="TFDBy1000">Terrorist Groups Killing 1000 or More</a><div style="float:right"><a title="Table of Contents" href="#TOC">TOC</a></div></h4><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">There are 27 different terrorist groups (including “Unknown”) in the <a href="#TFD">TFD</a> that are alleged to have caused at least 1000 fatalities. Excluding ‘Unknown’, the remaining 26 groups are alleged to have caused 78,518 casualties. Please note: this table does not include data from 14 terrorist groups recorded in the <a href="#TFD">TFD</a> that include the word “Al-Qa’ida” their name.(<a href="#Disclaimer">Disclaimer</a>)</p><br /><!--**************** TABLE 2.a **************************************--><br /><table style="border:1px outset gray; border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; margin:auto;"><tr><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">Terrorist Group</th><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">Victims</th></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Unknown</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">62136</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Shining Path (SL)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11194</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8482</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8006</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7266</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Hutus</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3953</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3722</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa`ida</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3464</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">New People's Army (NPA)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3064</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2743</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Sikh Extremists</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2670</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Mozambique National Resistance Movement (MNR)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2436</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">National Union for the Total Independence of Angola(UNITA)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2380</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Taliban</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2044</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Democratic Revolutionary Alliance (ARDE)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1803</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Irish Republican Army (IRA)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1746</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Tamils</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1507</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Chechens</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1402</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Tutsi</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1302</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">M-19 (Movement of April 19)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1253</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">National Liberation Army of Colombia (ELN)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1241</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1227</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) (suspected)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1225</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Taliban (suspected)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1156</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Other</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1112</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Other (suspected)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1066</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa`ida in Iraq</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1054</td></tr></table><br /><h4><a name="TFDByQaeda">al-Qaeda</a><div style="float:right"><a title="Table of Contents" href="#TOC">TOC</a></div></h4><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">There are 16 terrorists groups in the <a href="#TFD">TFD</a> that include “Al-Qa’ida” in their name. These 16 terrorists groups are alleged to have caused 6,730 fatalities.(<a href="#Disclaimer">Disclaimer</a>)</p><br /><!--**************** TABLE 2.a **************************************--><br /><table style="border:1px outset gray; border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; margin:auto;"> <tr> <th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">Terrorist Group</th> <th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">Victims</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa`ida</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3464</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa`ida in Iraq</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1054</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa`ida (suspected)</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">784</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa`ida in Iraq (suspected)</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">668</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa`ida in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb (AQLIM)</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">259</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa`ida,Jemaah Islamiya (JI) (suspected)</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">202</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa`ida in Levant and Egypt</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">91</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa`ida in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb (AQLIM) (suspected)</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">81</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa`ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">48</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa`ida (suspected),Ansar al-Islam</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa’ida in Yemen</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">27</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa`ida,Ansar al-Sunna</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa`ida in Iraq (suspected),Islamic Army in Iraq (al-Jaish al-Islami fi al-Iraq)</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa`ida,Al-Qa`ida in Iraq</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa’ida in Yemen (suspected)</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa`ida,Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) (suspected)</td> <td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td> </tr></table><br /><h3><a name="TFDByCount">Fatalities Count Distribution</a><div style="float:right"><a title="Table of Contents" href="#TOC">TOC</a></div></h3><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The following table summarizes fatalities recorded in the <a href="#TFD">TFD</a> by providing a count of all fatality entries that fall with the designated ranges. For instance, there were 316 records with fatality entries between 50 and 99 inclusive, for a total of 20,307 fatalities occuring in that event range.(<a href="#Disclaimer">Disclaimer</a>)</p><br /><!--**************** TABLE 3.a **************************************--><br /><table style="border:1px outset gray; border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; margin:auto;"><tr><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">Fatality Count</th><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">Occurances</th><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">Fatalities</th></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">15044</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">15044</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5708</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11416</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3344</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">10032</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">4</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2229</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8916</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">5</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1706</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">8530</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">6</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1198</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">7188</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">7</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">938</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6566</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">8</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">757</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">6056</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">9</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">561</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5049</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">10 to 24</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3355</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">48312</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">25 to 49</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">865</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">28790</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">50 to 99</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">316</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">20307</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">100 to 199</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">91</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">11219</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">200 to 299</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">26</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">5923</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">300 to 399</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">9</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2958</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">400 to 499</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">2</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">830</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">500 to 999</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">518</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Over 1000</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">3940</td></tr></table><br /><h3><a name="TFDByWorst">Worst Terrorist Events</a><div style="float:right"><a title="Table of Contents" href="#TOC">TOC</a></div></h3><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The following table lists all 15 terrorist events in the <a href="#TFD">TFD</a> in which the fatality count was 300 or more.(<a href="#Disclaimer">Disclaimer</a>)</p><br /><!--**************** TABLE 4.a **************************************--><br /><table style="border:1px outset gray; border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; margin:auto;"><tr><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">Date</th><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">Country</th><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">Locale</th><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">Terrorist Group</th><th style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; font-weight:bold">Fatalities</th></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">11-Sep-01</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">United States</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">New York</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa`ida</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1380</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">11-Sep-01</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">United States</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">New York</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Al-Qa`ida</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1380</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">13-Apr-94</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Rwanda</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Gikoro</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Hutus</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">1180</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">21-Mar-04</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Nepal</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Bedi</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Communist Party of Nepal- Maoist (CPN-M)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">518</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">19-Aug-78</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Iran</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Abadan</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Mujahideen-I-Khalq (MK)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">430</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">23-Mar-94</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Burundi</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Bujumbura</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Tutsi</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">400</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">18-Jul-87</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Mozambique</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Homoine</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Mozambique National Resistance Movement (MNR)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">386</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">23-May-96</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Burundi</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Kivyuka</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Tutsi</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">375</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">01-Sep-04</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Russia</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Beslan</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Chechens</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">344</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">23-Jun-85</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Canada</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Toronto</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Sikh Extremists</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">329</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">01-Feb-98</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Sri Lanka</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Kilinochchi</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">320</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">20-Jul-96</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Burundi</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Central Burundi</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Hutus</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">304</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">17-Nov-97</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Rwanda</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Gisenyi</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Hutus</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">300</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">13-Feb-84</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Sudan</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Uaskeing (name<span class='c10'>d Hegliga)</span></td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Christians</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">300</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">15-Aug-80</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">El Salvador</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Suchitoto</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray;">Unknown</td><td style="padding: 2px; border:1px inset gray; text-align:right;">300</td></tr></table><br /><h2><a name="TFDGraphs">Graph Summaries of the TFD</a></h2><br /><h3><a name="TFDByYear">Graph of Worldwide Fatalities Per Year</a><div style="float:right"><a title="Table of Contents" href="#TOC">TOC</a></div></h3><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The following graph summarizes fatalities in the <a href="#TFD">TFD</a> by year.(<a href="#Disclaimer">Disclaimer</a>)</p><br /><!--**************** GRAPH 1.a **************************************--><br /><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3528/5718772437_c2b806db1b_z.jpg" alt="Global Terrorism Fatalities by Year" /><br /><h3><a name="TFD_Cumulative">Graph of Worldwide Fatalities - Cumulative</a><div style="float:right"><a title="Table of Contents" href="#TOC">TOC</a></div></h3><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The following graph shows a cumulative count of fatalities in the <a href="#TFD">TFD</a> - cumulative total displayed over time.(<a href="#Disclaimer">Disclaimer</a>)</p><br /><!--**************** GRAPH 2.a **************************************--><br /><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2757/5719385816_1805532565_z.jpg" alt="Global Terrorism Fatalities - Cumulative" />Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-1813323766313606952011-05-11T02:51:00.000-07:002011-05-11T03:33:42.898-07:00I am an Atheist, NOT a Scientist<div><p>A narrative essay by – <a target="new" href="http://www.facebook.com/heather.spoonheim">Heather Spoonheim</a></p></div><div><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">As a ‘strong’ Atheist, I believe there are no gods. That is a belief that I am very comfortable, if not enthusiastic, to have challenged. The thing that irks me, however, is that those who try to challenge that belief almost never challenge it at all, but instead lay out a challenge to science. Now, I have an extremely eclectic resume but I am definitely not a scientist; as a matter of fact, at the time of this writing I make my living with a chef’s knife. What the hell could I possibly know about science that isn’t already published and open to criticism by anyone who actually cares to do so?<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Why is it that my belief is so readily interpreted as a statement that I know how the universe came to be? I have absolutely no idea how the universe came to be and neither does science, as near as I can tell.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">I realize that the distance between galaxies has been observed to be increasing at an accelerating rate, and that one can describe that behavior mathematically and then reverse the math to calculate that everything came from some singularity about 14 billion years ago – but that is where the current mathematical models break down, apparently. After that it’s really anybody’s guess.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Maybe the universe pulsates from singularity to some end point and back again, infinitely repeating. Maybe the singularity was actually a vortex from someplace else through which our universe got ‘sucked’ or ‘pushed’. Maybe the universe is just an attribute of a less finite context that itself is just an attribute of a less finite context and on and on infinitely. To be honest, I believe we will never know the complete picture.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The only people who have the audacity to claim knowledge of the complete picture seem to be those who claim that it’s a portrait of their invisible, imaginary friend. What a Kodak moment that must present – just keep shaking that Polaroid until the image clears up enough for me to take a look too, please. In the meantime, stop asking me where the universe came from.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Why is it that my belief is so readily interpreted as a statement that I know the details of abiogenesis and/or evolution? It really irks me when people ask me to explain these things, especially when they don’t even understand that they are different concepts. Abiogenesis really eludes me because it is based on such a large knowledge base of chemistry and still in such early phases of research.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Evolution can be even more difficult because so few people realize that it isn’t a fact at all, just an explanation that is supported by literally millions of facts that aren’t nearly as accessible to the layman as the cosmos. To make matters worse, although U.S. courts readily accept DNA evidence of two men being brothers as being rock solid enough to put a man to death, they won’t accept it as rock solid enough to establish the irrefutable relationship between humankind and the rest of the great apes. Fuckers.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Even if I were a scientist and had devoted my life to a field that fell within the bounds of one of the aforementioned scientific realms, that still wouldn’t give someone the right to demand free private lectures. These days I make my living in restaurants, and if you don’t believe that eggs and oil can be whisked into mayonnaise then you can go buy a fucking jar of Miracle Whip – it’s not my job to educate you and if you want my services then talk to your waiter. Furthermore, I have no idea how the absence of a conclusive scientific proof for anything serves as evidence to support the impossibly self-contradicting postulations made by Bronze Age holy books. For the most part those texts manage to completely disprove themselves without any need for science.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">What I do know is that if you could pray to get shit done then people would pray and get shit done. If the god of Judaism existed then the Jews wouldn’t have spent their entire history getting their asses kicked all over the planet only to wind up back in the only part of the Middle East that doesn’t have any oil under it. If another god existed then I’m certain that the Jews, pragmatic people that they are, would have tossed their Torah and Talmud into the trash centuries ago and jumped on a bandwagon that actually had wheels. All I can say to deists is that I find their concept of god equivalent to fat-free, sugar-free, caramel syrup; if the word oxymoron didn’t just pop into your head then please look up the definitions of oxymoron, god, and syrup in the <a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a>.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Prayer doesn’t work, science does, and you don’t need to be an egghead to figure that out. Go get a job at the Cadillac factory like <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4pAwosnIQE">Johny Cash</a> and take a toodle around on your lunch break. The engineers aren’t dressed in ceremonial robes reading incantations in a dead language as they wave a big brass incense ball over plans scrawled on parchment – they are at computers, punching in numbers, and using instruments to take measurements. Science works.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Science is for the public and you don’t need anymore than bus fare to find that out. Hop on a bus, head to a local campus, and casually walk into a lecture hall with a bunch of students, inconspicuously taking a seat near the back. Quick note - it might be a good idea to leave the holy books at home for a day and instead carry a binder or laptop or something to give the impression that you are literate. Anyway, you can sit there and listen to them speak and you’ll quickly discover there is no fucking conspiracy going on. Everything that they are saying can be confirmed at the library – the public library. Science is public.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Science is international and you don’t need to travel the world or speak seven languages to confirm that. You can pick a subject, like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics">the second law of thermodynamics</a> (a favorite of so many holy rollers), look it up on Wikipedia, and you’ll find that it is available in at least 30 languages. For those that have had their nose in the holy books too long, feel free to scroll through the list of languages and select ‘<a href="http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics">simple English</a>’. If you doubt that this information is available around the planet then all you need to do is sign up for a <a href="http://www.myspace.com/">myspace</a> account using a picture of a blonde woman on your profile. Within hours some guy with a name like Achmed from Egypt or Morocco will send you a message requesting a conversation by webcam. Now, tell him you will turn your webcam on after he reads the Wikipedia article to you, confirming the translation in his native language – a lot of them seem to speak French as well so you can have them check that too. Science is international.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">So, I would like to ask, once and for all, that all holy rollers please stop asking me to give them free science lessons. Everything that I know about science is publicly available at a nearby college, local library, or on the internet. I’m an Atheist, not a scientist.</p></div>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-80442756051590431182011-05-05T22:05:00.000-07:002011-05-05T22:27:55.664-07:00Fallacy of the Ticking Time Bomb<p>A research essay by - <a target="_blank" href="http://www.facebook.com/heather.spoonheim">Heather Spoonheim</a></p><p><br /></p><p><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Yesterday I started doing some research on <a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed">Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</a>, the alleged mastermind of the 9/11 attacks on America. It has always bothered me that reliable information about a man at the center of those attacks has remained so elusive: like the exact location and date of his birth, who his parents were, and what grade schools he attended - so I decided to start digging around for available source material on my own. Now I am not an historian and neither am I trained in the accompanying methodology so I must acknowledge, here and now, that my efforts are haphazard at best, and I've barely scratched the surface.</p><div><br /></div><div><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>That being said, I've run across a connection in the data that I find rather interesting and for which I would like a second (third, forth, and fifth) opinion. I started preparing a timeline for the biography of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed(KSM) from this U.S. Department of Defense(DoD) <a target="_blank" href="http://projects.nytimes.com/guantanamo/detainees/10024-khalid-shaikh-mohammed">document</a> that I found archived by the New York Times. In it, the capture of KSM by the ISI of Pakistan is stated to be March 1, 2003 and clearly indicates that he was immediately transfered into U.S. custody [top of page 5]. The document then lays out arguments as to why KSM should remain in DoD detention, and in one of those arguments they assert [on page 10] that he was party to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Marriott_Hotel_bombing" target="_blank">Marriott Hotel Bombing in Jakarta</a> as well as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Australian_embassy_bombing_in_Jakarta" target="_blank">Australian Embassy Bombing in Jakarta</a>. Where this gets interesting is that those two bombings took place after KSM had been taken into custody; in that way, they are the perfect example of the 'ticking time bomb' scenario so often conjectured in an attempt to illustrate a justified application of torture.</div><p><br /></p><p><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>The entries describing the bombing plot [page 10] indicate that three bombings were planned, with the first one being a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" target="_blank">Nightclub Bombing in Bali</a>, five months before KSM was captured. KSM is even said to have paid out a sum of money in congratulations for that first bombing to a man named <a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riduan_Isamuddin">Hambali</a>. I went digging a little further and found that the New York Times also archived some <a target="_blank" href="http://documents.nytimes.com/justice-department-memos-on-interrogation-techniques">Justice Department memos</a> that reveal KSM actually gave up Hambali after being tortured [<a target="_blank" href="http://documents.nytimes.com/justice-department-memos-on-interrogation-techniques">page 94, DoJ memo</a>], but that still didn't result in actionable intelligence capable of preventing the last two bombings. Hambali was <a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riduan_Isamuddin#Capture">captured in October 2003</a> , a couple of months after the Marriott Hotel Bombing - too late - and even then they couldn't develop actionable intelligence to stop the final bombing. So here we have a real life example of torture failing to diffuse two very real ticking time bombs.</p><p><br /></p><p><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>The information doesn't end there, however. In the first document, from the DoD, KSM is said to have claimed there was another attack planned on the U.S. in which a commercial airplane would be hijacked and flown into the tallest building in California. This attack obviously didn't occur, but President George W. Bush actually <a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bank_Tower_(Los_Angeles)#Terrorist_target">cited the information extracted from KSM</a> as having allowed his administration to foil the plot; he didn't, however, provide any mug shots or court documents to suggest anyone had ever been arrested or convicted in that plot. It seems that KSM may have just fabricated the plot to appease his torturers. In this case the ticking time bomb scenario became inverted as President Bush tried to justify torture that he had already committed by fabricating a bomb that he knew did not exist. What's worse, although his bomb was imaginary, the torture most decidedly, was NOT.</p><p><br /></p><p><object width="480" height="390"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/tbXCJE4J7zc?fs=1&hl=en_US"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/tbXCJE4J7zc?fs=1&hl=en_US" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="480" height="390" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></p><p> </p><p><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>So the next time someone asks you if torture might be justified by some imaginary ticking time bomb that can only be stopped by water-boarding a known terrorist - just say 'NO', and point them to the miscarriage of justice carried out by the Bush administration that failed to keep anyone safe and which served only to cause more suffering than it could ever hope to prevent.</p>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-36252493908491944922011-05-03T03:42:00.001-07:002011-05-03T04:35:26.016-07:00Risk Management<p>A narrative essay by – <a target="new" href="http://www.facebook.com/heather.spoonheim">Heather Spoonheim</a></p><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">As an Atheist, I am often presented with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal's_Wager">Pascal’s Wager</a> – essentially a postulation that one can optimize <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value">expected value</a> by subscribing to Christianity. To be frank, although <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> is duly revered for elevating the condition of human intellect, his eponymous wager betrays his fallibility. The wager proposes a binary choice and a binary result and evaluates the possible outcomes as follows:</p><br /><div style="text-align:center;"><br /><table style="border: 1px solid gray; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 1px solid gray"></td><td style="border: 1px solid gray; text-align:center;">NO GOD</td><td style="border: 1px solid gray; text-align:center;">GOD</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid gray; text-align:right;padding-right:15px;">NO BELIEF</td><td style="border: 1px solid gray; text-align:center;">no loss</td><td style="border: 1px solid gray; text-align:center;">big loss</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid gray; text-align:right;padding-right:15px;">BELIEF</td><td style="border: 1px solid gray; text-align:center;">no loss</td><td style="border: 1px solid gray; text-align:center;">big gain</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Although Pascal’s Wager clearly establishes a profoundly optimized expected value for subscribing to Christianity, it is fundamentally flawed by two <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_dilemma">false dichotomies</a>. As a Catholic philosopher, Pascal limited both the choices and the results to Catholicism. The wager completely ignores Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and all other religions, not to mention all sectarian variations. Most, if not all, of these options contain mutually exclusive doctrines and dogmas: for instance, the god of Islam condemns those who subscribe to Judaism.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Furthermore, considering the propensity of religion for imagining increasingly superlative punishments, rewards, and gods, it becomes apparent that one should not limit oneself to only the pool of religions fabricated thus far but should, rather, press one’s mind to its limits of imagining the absolute and ultimately worst case scenario impossible. Consider, if you will, the concept of a god that demands your worship while offering eternal punishment or reward to your entire family. Surely such a god must be given top priority because the result applies not only to your eternal soul but also to the eternal souls of every single person you love.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Following the above logic, it soon becomes clear that the only reasonable course of action is to have every single person on the planet cease all pursuits so we can all focus on collaboratively embellishing continually worse and better case scenarios for the rewards and punishments of ever greater gods. Although this line of reasoning results in the slipperiest of all slopes, it does provide better footing than the product of multiplying two false dichotomies. In point of fact, it represents an established form of risk management that focuses on the uncertainty of worst case scenarios.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Managing risk by evaluating worst case scenarios for which certainty has not been and/or cannot be established is known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precautionary_principle">precautionary principle</a>. The precautionary principle espouses a basis for public policy that practices caution in the context of uncertainty. It is essentially a restatement of Pascal’s Wager that replaces belief with action and god with hazard thusly:</p><br /><div style="text-align:center;"><br /><table style="border: 1px solid gray; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 1px solid gray"></td><td style="border: 1px solid gray; text-align:center;">NO HAZARD</td><td style="border: 1px solid gray; text-align:center;">HAZARD</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid gray; text-align:right;padding-right:15px;">NO ACTION</td><td style="border: 1px solid gray; text-align:center;">no loss</td><td style="border: 1px solid gray; text-align:center;">big loss</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid gray; text-align:right;padding-right:15px;">ACTION</td><td style="border: 1px solid gray; text-align:center;">no loss</td><td style="border: 1px solid gray; text-align:center;">big gain</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">This type of evaluation has become common amongst <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precautionary_principle#Environment.2Fhealth">proponents of extremely precautionary environmental policy</a>. In cases where evidence may not be conclusive that environmental catastrophe is imminent, it is sometimes argued that the arrival of such evidence may signal a point of no return. Essentially this is analogous to Pascal’s evaluation that the certainty of a god cannot be determined until it is too late. Like Pascal, many environmentalists evaluate inaction (non-belief) as having no downside if the hazard (god) does not actually exist but having catastrophic implications if it turns out to be real. The evaluation of action (belief) follows suit by having no downside if the hazard (god) turns out not to exist but very positive implications if it is real.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Likely the most emotionally charged area of public policy currently employing the precautionary principle is in actions undertaken for public security in response to the threat posed by terrorism. Although terrorism is a certainty of the modern world, the specific hazards posed are not certain. Public security practices taken to prevent terrorism address threats and enemies of which and whom there is no certainty.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Just like Pascal and his belief in the Catholic god, environmental and terrorist issues present us with potential actions and hazards that should not be arbitrarily reduced to dichotomies. Fortunately there has been a great deal of advancement in the way such wagers are evaluated. For one, our evaluation of hazards can be constrained by setting minimum parameters for plausibility. Secondly, the result of inaction is not as superlative as eternal damnation. Finally, we can tangibly evaluate the costs of our actions to our pocketbooks and our liberties.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Unfortunately, public policy determined by precautionary principle can be subject to just the sort of slippery slope earlier applied to Pascal’s Wager. Those who are intellectually committed to a policy can overcome minimum parameters for plausibility by over-stating the consequences of inaction. Negotiation of policy can be easily swept away by appeals to emotion, leaving those armed with the most alarmist rhetoric leading the way down the slippery slope. Furthermore, in a world troubled by both shrinking pocketbooks and fleeting liberties, the cost of excessive caution should be closely examined before we automatically and blindly follow the very questionable doctrine of ‘better safe than sorry’.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">I hope this little treatment of the similarities between Pascal’s Wager and the plausibility principle will help modern skeptics recognize and evaluate rhetoric designed to sway the public into adopting policies that over-manage risk. Although an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure, let us not adopt polices that invoke a pound of prevention when the only ailment threatening us is uncertainty.</p>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-27799336038428268272011-04-30T20:07:00.000-07:002011-04-30T20:08:19.743-07:00The Bitterness of Loss<div><p>A narrative essay by – <a target="new" href="http://www.facebook.com/heather.spoonheim">Heather Spoonheim</a></p></div><div><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">I have a gambling problem – a very serious one. I have never lost so much money that I couldn’t pay the bills or had to sell prized possessions, but it is still a serious problem. The reason I think it is serious is because I have such a clear and perfect understanding of the futility of ever truly earning a profit at the activity but I just can’t ever get the thought of profit out of my mind when I’m taking part. If I had any sense at all I would never ever gamble again – but I will. I do have sense though, I’m sure of it, but I guess my wits become compromised whenever someone pulls out the cards and that is the behavioral dysfunction that is my gambling addiction.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">I manage the problem very well and have kept my losses to under $1000 over the past decade. I do so by setting very strict limits and fighting desperately to maintain them. The most important tool in managing gambling addiction is to learn to swallow losses, no matter how bitter that pill might be. Your money is gone and you have nothing to show for it and that’s all there is to it. If you don’t give up the activity altogether, then you better get used to the taste of that bitter pill, because you’ll need to swallow it over and over again. If you are crazy enough to continue with the activity, well then learning to swallow that pill can at least offer you some protection. This is especially true when playing communal pot games like Texas Hold’em.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">You see, a lot of gamblers become overwhelmed by Texas Hold’em because they fail to accept that the money they have put into the pot is no longer theirs – they’ve already lost it. You have to swallow your loss the very moment you pull those chips off of your stack. If you don’t swallow your loss right then and there then you will be left with the delusion that some of those chips in the middle of the table are yours – and this leads to the fallacy of believing that you will incur a loss if you fold.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">When you swallow your loss the moment you pull those chips off of your stack then you will realize that folding doesn’t cost you a thing. With each round of betting you need to evaluate the revealed odds, consider the total prize available in the pot, and determine how much you are now willing to risk for that total prize. You just cannot factor loss into your evaluation at that point.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">There are other factors like implied odds and evaluation of opponent behavior, but understanding that risk and reward are based on the current bet for the current pot is the most important thing to keep straight in your mind. If, even for a moment, the thought crosses your mind that you will lose chips if you fold then you had best pack up and go home. It NEVER costs you a penny to fold because the chips that you put in the pot were lost the moment you pushed them towards the center of the table.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">I’ve watched so many gamblers lose all of their faculties by refusing to swallow their losses that I can’t even count them. Every time it happens at a Texas Hold’em game it is because they view the pot as an investment and just can’t bring themselves to accept that their investment is being wiped out. They start pushing good money into the void until they have no more to push and then, often enough, they start pushing the table itself. That money in the pot is NOT an investment to be pursued, pushing money onto the table does NOT secure an investment, and no one has any claim to the pot until it has been won.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">This concept of recognizing risks and accepting losses at the moment I assume those risks has actually helped me a lot in business. When I buy a piece of equipment at auction, it usually comes ‘as is’ and without any options for recourse if I am unhappy with the purchase. I need to accept my loss at the time of purchase, and I am often happy to do so because I’m getting a $7,000 dishwasher for $850. I no longer have my $850, I have a dishwasher that didn’t cost me $7,000 and that’s a good thing. If it doesn’t work, I can’t very well go freaking out about my $850 because it isn’t my $850 to freak out about. I can get the machine repaired, or perhaps that is not viable and I need to dispose of it, but I can’t go lamenting about somebody else’s $850. In my experience the odds have been in my favour in these transactions, and accepting the losses at time of trade helps to keep me focused on my winnings.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Consider then a person who regularly gives their money to an investment firm. So many of these people walk around feeling secure that their money is still there and that there will be even more money awaiting them when they return. This is a complete fallacy though, because their money disappeared the moment they handed it over. What they purchased was incredibly strong odds that they can get the same amount of money back with the bonus of weaker odds that there might even be more money handed to them some day. There remains the risk, however small, that there will be zero money waiting for them when they return. Because of this risk, they really need to accept that the money they gave to the firm is gone – but just like compulsive gamblers, investors will find every rationalization they can to keep from swallowing that bitter pill. Even after being contacted by authorities and hearing all over the news that their investment firm left town over night, there is no way to prevent them from gathering outside the empty building to protest in vain. They will believe for years that ‘their’ money is safe and sound somewhere and that there exists some means of investigation that will reveal its location to them.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">How, then, can I be the least bit surprised at the emotional reactions I get when I tell investors that their ultimate retirement plan is nothing more than a Ponzi scheme; when I tell them that the firm that they, their cousins, parents, and grandparents have been investing in will never payout one red cent; when I tell them that the retirement home where Grandma and Grandpa went is a big void and Grandma and Grandpa aren’t even there.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">How can I be surprised when investors in such a firm react to the news by becoming more adamant than ever to push more chips to the center of the table? How can they do anything other than push all of their chips to the center and then start pushing on the table itself? How can I be surprised when they blow up and become madmen like so many compulsive gamblers I have faced across a poker table?</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The fact of the matter is that most churches press hard to get people to put money into the pot. Those who can possibly afford to do so often give in to the pressure to push 10% of their earnings onto the table, although most will calculate on net rather than gross income. Those who can’t possibly afford it are pressed to put in more than they can possibly afford. Many of them have seen the remainder of their grandparent’s wealth pushed into the pot as well. Many of them have volunteered hours upon hours of their time to the special projects of their churches.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Imagine the 58 year old woman who has been tithing for over 30 years. If she has worked a professional career and never had children she might have easily invested $150,000. If, looking at her investment account, she realizes that she has invested the same amount of money in mutual funds and now that investment is waiting to pay her $500,000 then she has to swallow one hell of a loss and its going to be damn bitter. She could have literally been a millionaire. Worse yet, she stayed the course on that bad investment for 30 years, and that represents a lifetime of pushing chips into the void.</p></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">I think we all need to remember these things as we deal with theists. It’s easy to call them stubborn or pigheaded, but just think about what we represent to them – no one likes an armchair critic pointing out the odds after they’ve already put their life savings in the pot. When debating with theists, one should try to remember their own most difficult loss and remember how bitter that pill was to swallow. We would all do well to remember the bitterness of loss.</p></div>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-16868439737539141192011-04-07T13:40:00.001-07:002011-04-07T13:41:59.352-07:00The Atheist Debt<p>An essay by – <a target="new" href="http://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057">Heather Spoonheim</a></p><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">I used think there was an inherent justice in the way that I was able to simply look at the evidence for the existence of Yahweh and recognize it as nothing more than a collection of superstitious notions that, when combined, had coalesced into a misleading but compelling emotional appeal. That other people were captivated by such an emotional appeal didn’t contradict my sense of justice because they too were free to simply recognize it for what it was and liberate themselves of the fallacy; that they didn’t do so was nothing more than their own folly – or so I thought.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">It should be noted, however, that calling the argument an ‘emotional appeal’ is a monumental euphemism; it is an overwhelmingly monumental euphemism because the argument is, in truth, nothing less than emotional extortion, a proverbial offer that one cannot refuse. For you see, fresh indoctrinates are repeatedly instructed or, more accurately, threatened that failure to accept the appeal will result in indescribable tortures that defy the imagination.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Upon first consideration of the threat of unimaginable torture by the devotees of a death cult it would seem that the mind of the victim should be filled exclusively by an overwhelming desire to escape. To combat this survival instinct, the doctrines of the death cult of Yahweh employ a tactic common to other sociopathic predators: a friendly introduction accompanied by an offer of candy. You see, the glossy brochures of this death cult rarely open with images of torture but, rather, dangle the most enticing piece of candy imaginable: the hypothetical possibility of conquering death itself.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Even given the superlative nature of this emotional extortion, I still managed to cling to my belief that justice was available in a philosophical market governed by the laissez faire doctrines of caveat emptor; after all, common sense (another fallacy) seemed to make it readily obvious that if an offer seemed to be too good to be true then it likely was not. Those who were foolish enough to trade their faculties of reason for a bag of magic beans, regardless of the magnitude of the promised returns, deserved exactly what they got – or so I used to believe.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">You see, just like all too many people who attribute their own successes to self-proclaimed virtues, I was mislead by confirmation bias. I used circular logic to assert the power of ‘common sense’ by mistakenly citing it as the means of my escape and then citing the success of my escape as proof that ‘common sense’ was all it took. What I failed to acknowledge was the fortunate timing of my birth coupled with my aptitude for science, at least as it was presented in the grade schools of my time.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">In my day, the eloquence with which Carl Sagan fueled wonder at the cosmos formed a brick wall upon which the awkward rationalizations of theists splattered instantly. Other scientific minds seemed to find increased courage from this and public discourse in scientific matters became noticeably less apologetic. As if to crown this revolution, the producers of the very popular, prime-time television series, ‘All in the Family’, went so far as to introduce a well-rounded and explicitly Atheist character, Michael Stivic.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">All of these factors contributed greatly to my escape from cult indoctrination but my ability to perceive these factors was obscured by my own ego, by my faith in my own ‘common sense’ and my desire to believe there was any sort of inherent justice in life. As the years passed though, I began to learn more about the great minds that had contributed to our modern world and my ego became increasingly tempered. These days I am no longer able to maintain the delusion that my fallacious notions of ‘common sense’ in any way compare to the genius of the real heroes of modern thought who had the courage to declare that their own, original, empirical observations contradicted the highly revered Bronze Age notions of their time.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">In this way I owe a huge debt to the courage of such a long list of rational thinkers that any attempt to name them couldn’t aspire to reveal anything more than an even greater list of glaring omissions. In lieu, all I can offer is my solemn acknowledgement of this debt and my embarrassingly inadequate ability to ever repay it. In doing so, I also acknowledge that there was no inherent justice in my liberation, only some very fortunate timing. More importantly, this acknowledgement allows me to realize just how the tables have been turned by modern cultists.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Unable to fabricate rationalizations elastic enough to stretch around our modern world’s ever expanding base of scientific knowledge, the strategy of the cultists has turned to outright, underhanded dishonesty. They have so saturated the very infrastructures by which information is disseminated that it is no longer possible to tune into the information stream without finding it befouled by their propaganda of doubt.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">No longer able to credibly assert the certainty of their deity, they now repeatedly chant, “But you can’t prove he doesn’t exist.” No longer able to refute the credibility of scientific truths they respond, “But science doesn’t know everything.” And finally, no longer able to exert their authority to crush the very institution of science itself, they have taken to attacking the integrity of that institution.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Television networks that are supposedly devoted to the dissemination of scientific knowledge are riddled with programs that point out anecdotal transgressions of scientific fraud or bias; they do this without pointing out that such transgressions are repeatedly rooted out and expelled within decades rather than being upheld unapologetically for centuries. Newspapers fallaciously cloak themselves in anachronistic notions of journalistic integrity while adhering to nothing other than capitalist greed as they design sensational headlines of scientific folly while simultaneously ignoring profound, although usually more mundane, revelations of how genetics is solidifying the certainty of the evolutionary tree. Radio commentators repeatedly substitute editorials for news and assert that science is arrogant for not giving due consideration to ‘alternative theories’ without a single mention of the fact that these purported ‘alternative theories’ are generated by scientifically illiterate cultists.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Preschool indoctrinates are told that scientists are liars, without even an attempt to justify that claim. Biology teachers are compelled to assume a tone of apology when discussing evolution. When scientific curriculums are publicly debated the floor is left open to those who have absolutely no understanding of the subject matter and children are sent forth to make emotional appeals for cultist ‘values’ rooted in ignorance.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Where they can’t elicit doubt in scientific observation they try to insert reinforcement of any superstitious predilection they can identify. The recent barrage of ‘investigative’ television programs dealing with ‘scientific observation’ of paranormal phenomenon is almost overwhelming. Otherwise perfectly rational people are left to wonder if there might not be some validity to the concept that ‘life energy’ can leave a ‘metaphysical fingerprint’ in certain geographic locations. Failure to acknowledge at least a modicum of authenticity to these ‘investigations’ is maliciously labeled ‘close-minded’ prejudice.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">It has become nearly impossible to evaluate the integrity of ‘educational programming’ without taking the time to google the credentials of the ‘experts’ that are paraded forth. For any single rational individual this tidal wave of misinformation presents an insurmountable battle of debunking. For those not yet liberated from superstitious indoctrination, however, the odds of recognizing this volcanic spew of fallacies for what it really is are infinitesimal.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">In this challenge, I think I may have finally found the means by which to make a payment towards the debt I owe for my own intellectual liberation. Looking back, it wasn’t one voice of reason that guided me out of intellectual subservience, but a veritable chorus of rational voices. Every voice was important, even the droning, boring tones of my grade eight science teacher, and I know I can carry the tune a little better than he ever did.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The internet has given me a platform for self publication coupled with the resources to easily debunk inane cultist ‘documentaries’. It may seem like a chore to sit through a painfully ignorant program that asserts some holy book to be an archeological treasure trove, and even more of a chore to cite its obvious shortcomings in a well thought out blog entry, but I owe at least that much, even if I can only carry the tune of reason for just a few more bars.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Furthermore, I don’t have to debunk everything myself because there are plenty of Atheist and skeptic bloggers who are much better at it than I will ever be. By simply keeping tabs on some of their blogs, I am slowly gathering a nice collection of links that provide quick rebuttals to online friends infected with various superstitions and cultist misinformation.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Even in daily my daily encounters with the superstitious, nothing seems to shut some of them up faster than pointing out that there is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Randi#The_One_Million_Dollar_Paranormal_Challenge">one million dollars</a> awaiting them if they can prove their claims to be true. Before informal exchanges head south of the boarder of rationality I can often infuse some rational thought by talking about the latest news of satellites orbiting distant planets – satellites that were put there by profoundly accurate scientific knowledge.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Finally, through the various online Atheist communities I can try to encourage other Atheists to continue the chorus of reason as well. I think I’ll start right now by posting a blog that might inspire others to consider ways of paying off some of the Atheist debt.</p>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-81459236445660692011-03-30T07:13:00.001-07:002011-03-30T07:32:47.399-07:00An Argument Against 'G'An essay by – <a target="new" href="http://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057">Heather Spoonheim</a><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The habitual capitalization of the word ‘god’ is evidence of one of the most insidious mind-games ever perpetrated by the <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult">cult</a> of <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh">Yahweh</a>. To understand why, one must first understand that language, as a social construct, is <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion">recursive</a>. That is to say that in as much as language is a construct of society, society itself is a construct of language. As an example, consider how the evolution of civilization has been shaped by the concept of <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy">democracy</a> while, over the same period, the evolution of the concept of democracy has been shaped by civilization. The modern concept of democracy has greatly diverged from that of <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato">Plato</a>, yet his dissertations on the concept have had as much influence the evolution of society as the evolution of society has had on the concept itself.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The same can be said of the habitual capitalization of the word ‘god’. In practice, secular society habitually capitalizes the word ‘god’ when the word is used in reference to the concept of a singular, supreme being. Even my damn word processor is suggesting that I capitalize ‘supreme being’ in the last sentence. The young developing minds of the greatest writers of the next generation are being indoctrinated to this construct before they are even able to grasp its fallacy.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The only rational argument on behalf of the existence of gods is that man has consistently been, and will likely always be, able to refashion a definition for the god-concept that that escapes <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability">falsification</a>. This argument applies equally to any <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_(gods)">pantheon</a> of gods that mankind might want to imagine and therefore firmly establishes the fallacy of any and all single god conceptualizations. Not only is every concept of a single god invalid but also, by definition, self-refuting. Propagating the social construct of capitalizing the word god is, by extension, a propagation of this fallacy, a corruption of reason, and a tool of cult indoctrination directed against young impressionable minds.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Furthermore, the officially recognized rules of grammar do not actually specify capitalization of the word god for all uses that imply a singular, supreme being. <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_case-sensitive_English_words#List_of_capitonyms">Officially</a>, the word is only to be capitalized when used in reference to Yahweh, and that is absolutely repugnant to the concept of <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularity">secular</a> society. Not only is the word god supposed to be capitalized only when it refers to Yahweh, but also the pronouns ‘he’, ‘his’ and ‘him’ when used in reference to Yahweh. This is much different than the capitalization of the proper name ‘Yahweh’ itself because that rule is equally and generically applied to all mythological and fictional beings. The other rules, however, constitute nothing other than a mandated cultural bias towards the cult of Yahweh, and serve to corrupt the very nature of our thoughts.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Interestingly, many cults of Yahweh have a prohibition against vocalizing his name. This doctrine was likely born out of an instinct for survival after the <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70)">siege of Jerusalem</a>, but it has become a social construct that is no less annoying than when it was employed as a literary tool in the <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter">Harry Potter</a> series. In both cases, however, it proved to be very efficient in evoking a sense of mystery in adolescent minds. To those indoctrinated to the cult of Yahweh, this adds a layer of mystery that amplifies the superstitions that the cult holds regarding any investigation into the origins of Yahweh.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Our society has been tricked into pandering to the <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusion">delusions</a> of the Yahweh cult by allowing them to write their very own <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity">deity</a> into our language. This construct obfuscates the difference between the mythological Yahweh and our social construct of the god-concept itself. The Yahweh cult should be, for the sake of intellectual honestly, required to name their mythological deity before any rational conversation of the mythology takes place. By engaging them in conversations about ‘god’ without requiring that explicit declaration, we only facilitate the isolation of their mighty Yahweh from his roots in the <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh#Early_history_of_Yahweh_worship">polytheistic Semitic pantheon</a>.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">It may still be argued that there is some abstract virtue in recognizing, through capitalization, the reverence with which monotheists regard the single god concept, but I suggest that such recognition is not virtuous at all and serves only to reinforce their delusions. Although direct confrontation of an individual’s delusions may only exacerbate the underlying emotional turmoil that spawned them, it might be considered equally cruel to actually engage their delusions by assuming the context of their reality. Eliminating the habitual capitalization of the word god is a powerful, yet subtle way of reducing the reinforcement of the god delusion.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">I have been an affirmed <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism">Atheist</a> for 18 years and it has taken me all of that time to recognize the depravity of this particular mind-game as perpetrated by the cult of Yahweh. I hope that this little rant will serve to help other Atheists recognize the value of finally adopting a truly secular set of capitalization practices. To show your support, I hope that you will not only adopt these rules in your own writing, but also consider taking up the practice of capitalizing the word Atheist when it is employed in any manner other than as an adjective.</p>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-37300312467944737052011-03-27T23:44:00.000-07:002011-03-28T00:24:26.231-07:00Theory of MindAn essay by – <a target="new" href="http://profiles.google.com/Heather.Spoonheim">Heather Spoonheim</a><br /><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">A solid understanding of theory of mind (ToM) is extremely important to understanding some of the fallacies that derive from its misapplication. ToM “is the ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, pretending, knowledge, etc.—to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires and intentions that are different from one's own.”<a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_mind"><sup>[1]</sup></a> To better understand this definition, let us consider a situation where ToM is applied both practically and accurately.<br /><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; "><i>While Bob was out shopping, his wife, Mary, poured all of his whiskey down the sink. After Bob returned home, his boss, Phil, came over to visit and asked Bob for a drink of whiskey. Upon hearing this, Mary quickly excused herself and left the house.<br /></i><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">If the above passage seems like anything more than a series of random events to you, then you have actually applied ToM several times, in several different ways and in only a matter of seconds. The most advanced computers available today could not begin to extrapolate all the information that you just did from that short passage.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Making sense of the above passage required imagining at least 2 different virtual models of the human mind. You realized that Bob didn’t know his whiskey had been poured down the sink and that he would likely be angry when he found out. To do this you had to keep track of beliefs, intents and knowledge, attribute them to different people and, finally, make a prediction of behavior based on those models. You even predicted Bob’s reaction without being prompted with a question as to how he might react.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Incredibly, you did not actually derive your prediction of Bob’s behavior from <i>your own</i> model of Bob’s mind. You analyzed Mary’s behavior, used it to extrapolate your model of <i>her mind</i> and realized that she was predicting Bob’s behavior based on <i>her model</i> of Bob’s mind. You did all of this with so little effort that you didn’t even realize that you were doing it. I bet you feel pretty smart right now, huh?</p><br /><br /><h2>The Importance of ToM</h2><br /><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The human ToM is one of the least talked about but most important aspects of human evolution. Our highly evolved ToM allowed for the development of complex social structures that gave us a significant advantage over other creatures that had evolved bigger teeth, bigger claws, and much more powerful limbs and jaws. We divided our duties of protecting our camps and children, hunting for meat, and gathering other foodstuffs because we understood that particular duties were being handled by others. We also developed highly organized strategies for hunting and killing large animals that would have been impossible to conquer using spontaneous blitz attacks.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">As a simple example of the advantage of ToM to hunting, consider a Stone Age hunter tracking a wild boar. Part way down the trail, the hunter realizes that the boar is headed for a nearby watering hole and he also realizes that the boar has chosen the longer of two trails. Taking a shortcut, the hunter easily catches up to the boar at the watering hole and secures a feast for his entire clan. A pair of jackals might have also been on the trail of the boar but tracking only by scent, and lacking ToM, they do not have the advantage of predicting the boar’s destination. The jackals end up missing out on a valuable meal.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Upon returning with the slaughtered boar to camp, the hunter proceeds to divide the meat. He knows that the shaman likes the spleen for ritualistic practices. He knows that the old toothless woman likes the liver. He gives a strip of tenderloin to a young girl that he fancies and then quickly gives an entire shoulder to his rival for the girl’s attention – that he might appease his rival and reduce the potential for physical confrontation. These sorts of social dynamics are only possible with a very highly evolved theory of mind.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">When people begin discussing human evolution and marvel at how we survived, against all odds, with such pathetic biological weaponry, they all too often seem to ignore the human capacity to model other minds: the minds of other hunters, other predators, the prey animal being pursued, and of other creatures that become silent or scurry away in reaction to the aforementioned animals. Humans can whip up numerous artificial minds instantaneously to keep track of all of these or they can hold onto long term models used to keep tabs on the social dynamics at work around them. Other animals can exhibit behaviors that suggest a theory of mind, but none have a theory of mind anywhere near as developed as that of man. It could easily be argued that it is the one area in which the greatest margin has evolved between humans and every other creature on the planet.</p><br /><br /><h2>Fallacies of ToM</h2><br /><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">One drawback of our ToM is that it might be a little too highly developed. Humans are prone to whipping up a virtual model of the human mind without even considering whether or not it applies in a given situation. This leaves us exhibiting some extremely irrational behaviors such as having conversations with cats, begging stop lights to change, and commanding teetering objects not to fall as we run to catch them. In a rural setting we can do such silly things as begging fire to ignite, pleading with the sky for rain, and asking the wind in our most polite tone if it might not be so kind as to stop blowing for just one afternoon.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">This sort of fallacious projection of human consciousness into elements of the environment can become so convoluted that we actually start to negotiate with the natural elements. Think for a moment about a drought stricken farmer standing in his field, looking up at the sky and saying, “If you would just be so kind as to give me a little rain I would love you so much! Give a guy just a little break, would ya?” It is easy to understand the desperation of such a man and overlook the irrational nature of his behavior. Although we might think he was slightly crazy if he started doing a little jig in the hopes that the sky might find him entertaining and thereby be more persuaded by his desires, some twentieth century farmers actually paid money for Native American rain dancers to do just that.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">It shouldn’t be hard then to understand why so many primitive cultures have been documented as having beliefs in sun, sky, wind, and fire gods. Consider the modern phenomenon of clans decorating themselves in ritualistic colours, painting their faces to match, and standing in front of a video display screaming, “Run, you son-of-a-bitch, RUN!” There is absolutely no possibility that their screams can be heard by the player running with the ball but even the most intelligent, educated, otherwise reasonable individuals in the crowd form such vivid connections with the ToM that they have created for their favorite player that they just can’t help but scream as though the player himself is within earshot.</p><br /><br /><h2>The Moral of the Story</h2><br /><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">As a species it is not only natural, but overwhelmingly compelling for us to try to understand and influence everything around us by leveraging our most powerful evolutionary tool – our ability to instantly and effortlessly fabricate a model of our own conscious mind. As a civilized society, however, it is important that we begin to realize the limitations of this highly evolved tool, and the fallacy of applying it erroneously to inanimate objects, house pets, and nature. Our theory of mind is the wrong tool to use for understanding such things and actually leads to a misunderstanding of these things. Furthermore, such a fallacious projection can lead to the very compelling and misleading belief that we can influence such things through verbal persuasion.</p>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-90767513110225202522011-03-23T19:13:00.001-07:002011-03-24T02:02:00.236-07:00The Evolution of God<p>A narrative essay by - <a target="new" href="https://profiles.google.com/Heather.Spoonheim/about">Heather Spoonheim</a><br /></p><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">God’s stomping grounds are pretty vast these days, at least according to some theists. You see, God isn’t limited by time, dimensions or measure but actually transcends space-time and even the very concepts of space <i>and</i> time. He is not only everywhere at all times, he is in fact the very essence of where <i>and</i> when <i>and</i> a whole lot more – more than any of us, including <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten">Ed Whitten</a>, could ever imagine. That’s one hell of a god!<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">It wasn’t always this way, though. In the beginning, <a target="new" href="http://spoonheim.blogspot.com/2011/03/genesis-of-god.html">God only existed as a fallacious projection of human consciousness</a>. More specifically, just as modern man still begs a traffic light to change, primitive man begged fire to start. It is this very compulsion to <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphize</a> that which we wish to control that gave rise to the <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_worship">mythological consciousness of fire</a>; other elements important to primitive man would most likely have been equally imbued with a projected consciousness, the earliest evidence of this being the <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_worship">cult of the bear</a>.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Although it’s easy to imagine how man first projected his concept of mind into that which possessed no such mind, evidence of how this process evolved has been virtually obliterated by the ages. The problem is that although <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology">archaeology</a> is very good at showing us what people left behind, in the absence of a social context to frame such relics, any attempt to use those artifacts to interpret ancient beliefs amounts only to conjecture. Fortunately, <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology">anthropology</a> has provided us with a wealth of social contexts that may very well frame some of these <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_figurines">ancient relics</a>.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The oldest evidence remaining of the ritualistic practices of man are <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_religion#Burial">graves</a>. Although ancient graves reflect how significant death was to primitive man, this is more easily interpreted as reflecting the development of his <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_mind">concept of mind</a> rather than any beliefs regarding an afterlife. For example, chimpanzees have a concept of mind that might be comparable to early Stone Age man, and they have a great deal of difficulty accepting the death of a loved one, showing <a target="new" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcJPaHFbsc0">great concern for the corpse</a>.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Although there is early evidence of <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe">reverence for animals</a>, the first clear picture we get of how religion evolved comes from the <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer">Sumerians</a>. The Sumerians just sort of pop up in the archeological record because they left behind such an incredible <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer#Language_and_writing">body of writing</a>, and that writing is also the <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts#Before_1000_BC">oldest that we have been able to decipher</a>. Unfortunately, by the time Sumerian writing developed, the god-concept had already radically evolved.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Sumer was a veritable Godstock, with a <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_religion#The_Pantheon">pantheon that encompassed 3600 gods</a>! These gods were imagined with very human minds: <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_religion#Creation_Story">getting married, having children, struggling for rank, and even committing rape</a>. Interestingly, the king of the Sumerian pantheon was <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_(mythology)">Anu</a>, the father figure in a trinity that included Enlil and Enki. Fire doesn’t seem to have figured prominently in Sumer as these three male gods ruled the sky, wind, and water, respectively. It would seem, unsurprisingly, that fire was taken for granted by that time. Notably, the Sumerians were the first to document <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_creation_myth">myths of creation and a great flood</a>.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Under the Egyptians, the god-concept coalesced with animal deities being lumped into the <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pantheon#List_of_deities_of_Ancient_Egypt">Egyptian pantheon</a> alongside more anthropomorphic gods and the total number of gods being greatly reduced. For the first time, some <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion#Unifying_tendencies">gods were given ranks considered higher than the multitudes of natural forces</a>. The theory of life continuing after death began with Egyptian Pharaohs, who were considered to be intermediaries between the gods and man, although the <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion#Afterlife">afterlife mythology eventually encompassed all Egyptians</a>. Most significantly, the first attempt at imagining monotheism was attempted by <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten">Pharaoh Akhenaten</a> who proposed the idea of having only one god named Aten; the concept failed miserably.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The first successful monotheistic mythology seems to have originated in the <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyro-Babylonian_religion#Neo-Assyrian_Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>. They realized the unifying power of having an all powerful supreme god coupled with a foreign policy that was tolerant of other, localized, lesser gods. The mythology of a single, supreme god was much easier to transport to a newly conquered imperial colony than an entire pantheon. Further, the one god mythology bolstered the authority of the Assyrian King who was written into the mythology as the only mortal authority mandated by God. Tolerating the continued recognition of more localized gods as long as they were acknowledged to be lesser gods than the Assyrian God was a stroke of genius, and truly put God into the business of politicking.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The ancient Israelites can be traced back to this period and their mythology is very representative of the period and region, incorporating stories of <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_myth#Ex_nihilo">creation</a> and a <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_myth">great flood</a>. They also seem to have been inspired by the unifying power of a <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism">one god mythology</a>, likely due to Assyrian prominence, and began modifying their mythology to conform, the <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatry">prohibition of idols</a> being just one example. By the reign of the Judean King, <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>, and through his <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezekiah#Religious_reforms">religious reforms</a>, the Judean religion evolved into a full fledged monotheism.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The Judean mythology still contains vestigial references of polytheism, including references to the <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asherah#Biblical_sources">wife</a> and <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_God#History_of_interpretation_of_Genesis_6">sons</a> of their singular, all powerful God. Their doctrines were considered exclusive to their descendants, but <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity">Christianity</a> still managed to hijack them by simply extending the Judean mythology with the <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ_in_comparative_mythology">Jesus mythology</a>. Ironically, the Jesus mythology maintained the claim of monotheism while at the same time re-instating the powerful <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity">trinity</a> of Sumerian mythology.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus">historicity of Jesus</a> is extremely difficult to verify because his initial cult consisted of lay people rather than their leaders, and <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ_in_comparative_mythology">his mythology was rapidly scavenged together</a> from the most popular elements of mythologies of the day. At the core was the concept of a single, all powerful God. The most important element was the concept that this God had actually incarnated as a contemporary man in order to refute all other mythologies and establish a ‘true’ mythology. The story of this man spread rapidly, being embellished by all the hallmarks of great legend known at the time: his <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraculous_births">birth was miraculous and occurred under a fateful star</a> at an <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Invictus#Sol_Invictus_and_Christianity">important time of year</a>; he had <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses#The_years_in_the_wilderness">great wisdom and worked wonders</a>; he had <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac#The_twelve_signs">twelve</a> disciples; he <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-death-rebirth_deity">died and then returned to life</a> after <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna#Inanna.27s_descent_to_the_underworld">three days</a>.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The most popular, and novel, element of this mythology was that its supreme God literally expressed himself through common men by <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit#Divine_function">imbuing people with his spirit</a>. Ironically, this last element marked a full cycle in the evolution of God; the god-concept began with man projecting a human consciousness into that which was without one, and evolved until that projected consciousness actually projected itself back into man!<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam">Muslim mythology</a> is literally a just rewrite of Christianity, claiming that human authors had muddled the story and so Mohammed was told by God to set the story straight. It’s less than creative but, by extension, it contains all the same powerful elements of Christianity.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">And so it came to pass, purely through man’s desire to persuade things that cannot be persuaded, that imagination multiplied imagination to produce the concept of a singular, all powerful, supreme God that reigned over everything. Not only had man projected an everlasting consciousness big enough to embody totality, but along the way he tacked on the idea that his own consciousness would never end.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The initial god-concept had certainly grown into one hell of a supreme God. He was mankind’s universal go-to guy when it came to feeling empowered over that which could not be understood and, with so little being understood, mankind turned to God for everything. What a monopoly!</p>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-16239472315122106242011-03-22T21:33:00.001-07:002011-03-24T02:03:56.949-07:00The Genesis of God<p>A narrative essay by - <a target="new" href="https://profiles.google.com/Heather.Spoonheim/about">Heather Spoonheim</a><br /></p><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Years ago I found myself alone and shivering, hands trembling as I struck match after match trying to ignite some damp tinder. I desperately wanted that fire to light and all the intention of my mind was focused and I started pleading, “Come on, fire, come on!” As the tinder began to smolder I sighed, “Thank you!” and I dropped to my knees and began blowing gently until flames began to lick up at the shavings … then at the kindling … and finally at some small sticks that I had carefully stacked.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Over the next hour I fed more little sticks into the fire as I struggled back from the edge of <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>. When I was finally comfortable, I just sat by the fire wrapped in a small tarp and reflected upon how I had begged that fire to start. It occurred to me how natural it had been to <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphize</a> the very concept of fire in order to create an outlet for the strong intention that had built up in my mind. I needed fire to understand that I needed it, and I had to create an avenue by which to persuade it to my line of thinking.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Sitting there, deep in the forest, I thought about how it must have been so easy for the concept of god to slip into the human psyche. You see, an advanced ‘<a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_mind">concept of mind</a>’ was just as essential to the evolution of early man as language. Language itself is meaningless without understanding the concept that other beings have minds independent from your own, including different knowledge and intention. Without that concept, what would motivate the first words? What would there even be to say?<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">So powerfully entrenched in our psyche is this theory of mind that even after hundreds of thousands of years of evolution it compelled me to project a consciousness onto my concept of fire so that I might invoke its appearance; even after this projection had served its purpose, I went on to say thank you. Everyday, people run toward teetering objects begging them not to fall. Everyday, people turn the keys in their cars with focused intention while pleading for them to start. Here we are, still doing this in an age when even an agnostic would vehemently refute the possibility that a car has a conscious mind. What chance, then, did primitive man have of grasping the fallacy of projecting a conscious mind into an inanimate object? How compelling it must have been for him to project a conscious mind into something as important, fleeting, and seemingly ethereal as fire; it had, after all, been compelling enough for me to do so hundreds of thousands of years later.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Entreating the return of fire would have been a daily ritual for <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age">Stone Age</a> man. Keeping them warm, staving off nocturnal predators and pushing away the shadows, fire was a very welcome guest in every cave and likely a beloved parental figure in most. Sometimes I like to think that the first great philosopher leaned back one day and postulated, “Where fire go when not burn?” The first theist answered, “<a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_worship">Fire always burn in my heart</a>.” The first atheist retorted, “When fire not burn, fire go out.” Then all three turned to the first agnostic who, sitting in the corner with his eyes shifting, said, “Me don’t know.”<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Little can be said authoritatively about <a target="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_religion">prehistoric religion</a> other than it consistently exhibited the attribution of a conscious human mind to important aspects of man’s environment. One can only imagine that the first religious war might have been fought between a dozen cavemen arguing over whether fire or rain was more powerful. One thing is certain, though, and that is that the concept of god was born of the minds of men who felt compelled to invoke the cooperation of their environment.</p>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-29132018944006533042011-03-21T07:01:00.000-07:002011-03-24T02:05:43.058-07:00The Bible is NOT fiction<p>An essay by - <a target="new" href="https://profiles.google.com/Heather.Spoonheim/about">Heather Spoonheim</a></p><br /><p></p><br /><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">All too often I hear fellow Atheists say, “Using the Bible as proof of God is like using a comic book as proof of Superman.” I always find this statement offensive because it shows a very malicious irreverence for a book that I greatly revere. I would like to encourage Atheists that are in the habit of using the above remark to consider saying, instead, “Using the Bible as proof of God is like using the Iliad as proof of the Greek Pantheon.”<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">I ask for this rephrasing not only because of my personal reverence for the Bible, but because it is a much more accurate comparison. The Bible, like the Iliad, is an important historical document that opens a window into the minds of antiquity. When I use the phrase, “historical document”, please do not falsely infer that I am implying that the bible accurately documents historical events by modern standards; I am simply stating that the Bible is a document of ancient origin which provides us with an invaluable glimpse into history. This glimpse offers astounding insight into the development of a mythology that has shaped the western world and an understanding of the very processes that generated the myth itself.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Comic books are entertaining and intended fictions that are known to be fictions by their contemporary readers. Comics are an integral part of contemporary society, and perhaps it might even be argued that they cast light on the way we view the world around us; it must be noted, however, that we have libraries full of literary works that reflect contemporary thought but access to the literature of antiquity is much more restricted and should therefore be much more highly regarded.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The repugnancy with which many Atheists view the Bible is unwarranted and only ever rationalized by those who are unable to dissociate the document from the institutions that assert the mythology to be literal. If these same institutions had determined to assert the literality of The Iliad instead, The Iliad would now be the book of western Atheist scorn. From an historical perspective, however, both of these books are truly a treasure and both should be equally cherished.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The Iliad mythologizes some ancient legends by documenting them in a very poetic form. The bible, on they other hand, not only mythologizes ancient legends, but then goes on to include roughly a millennium of reactions and extensions to that mythology. The bible is more than just a book; it’s a compact library of the works of authors whose lives spanned a thousand years. Few, if any, of the books in that library are works of fiction.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Some of the earliest authors collaborated over centuries to produce a wonderful collection of legends that some early Semites used to imagine their origins back to the first human beings. While these legends in and of themselves are mostly fabricated, it is likely that many of them have seeds in actual events. Those that were purely imagined weren’t likely intended as fictions but rather as proposed explanations for the origins of man and his world.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">Some authors documented how early kings declared their lineages to tie directly into the earliest legends. This is not an uncommon practice in monarchies and there are monarchs today whose lineages do not stand up to much scrutiny. Such documentation is an astounding example of how far back this sort of practice goes.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">There are excellent examples of ancient prophecy that use prophetic language that humbles modern prophets. Good prophecy is not fiction at all, for it is a poetic reflection of the mindset of an age. Good prophecy promises justice in times of injustice, peace in times of war, and war in times of monotonous peace. A lot of truth about the present can be found in prophecy, just not in the future that the prophecy predicts.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">There are books of law, colourful descriptions of battles, and early observations of nature that are all painted in the context of supernatural beings interacting directly with the physical realm. This supernatural context is not added as a tool of fiction but represents, in fact, the way in which Bronze Age authors viewed the world around them. To this very day we paint our narratives of war as battles between good and evil, although nowadays we more frequently use the terms freedom and fascism. Acts of nature still fill us and our descriptions with supernatural imagery.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">My point is that we would all be rather insulted if the sum body of all of our writings were viewed in a thousand years as amounting to nothing more than pulp fiction. The literature of an age reflects its zeitgeist. Reexamination of history often shows us just how much colour was added by our grandparents and reveals details that they could have never imagined. I can’t imagine how my grandfathers would have felt had they lived to learn the true nuclear capabilities of the Soviets.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">The bible is much more than fiction. It ties all the hallmarks of good mythology together with historical events as they were known and understood at the time. It reflects the way in which Judaism defined itself and its pride. It illustrates the elation and the horror with which a culture might greet the fulfillment of one of its most hallowed prophecies. It tangibly illustrates the passion with which mankind seeks to escape his own mortality. So compelling is its promise of eternal life and happiness that it has been able to inspire or absolve all of the atrocities ever committed by those who knew it.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 4em; ">So elastic is this mythology that it can be simultaneously inclusive and exclusive. It can be reshaped to provide absolution to anyone and eternal damnation to everyone else. It can even continue to shape minds that have become fully cognizant of the myth so that they will persist in clinging to the central notion that there is a god and a purpose behind everything. In consideration of all of this I resubmit that this astounding Bronze Age library of mythology blended with history deserves more reverence than a comic book.</p>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-72526804962945056882011-03-18T04:11:00.001-07:002011-03-24T02:07:07.871-07:00Invisible Pink Unicorns<p>A short story by - <a target="new" href="https://profiles.google.com/Heather.Spoonheim/about">Heather Spoonheim</a></p><br /><p></p><br /><p style="text-align: justify;">Why do so many people refute the existence of invisible pink unicorns? What sort of childhood trauma could make a person so hateful as to suggest that invisible pink unicorns don’t exist? It’s so comforting to just think of them galloping silently around us, watching out for us, while also keeping an eye out for low prices, that I’m deeply saddened to think that anyone lives without this comfort. How sad it must be to live everyday without knowing the joy of invisible pink unicorns.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The best part about invisible pink unicorns is that they don’t contradict science. All the scientific study that mankind will ever do will never disprove the existence of invisible pink unicorns. There is no religious organization dictating behaviors that either please or displease invisible pink unicorns, so you don’t ever have to feel any guilt. When it rains, you can just believe that the invisible pink unicorns are watering the flowers and it makes you smile. If you don’t want to believe this then you don’t have to – the invisible pink unicorns are never displeased by anything you believe or disbelieve.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Some people ask me, “If invisible pink unicorns don’t care what I believe or disbelieve, then why should I believe in them?” Well the answer, obviously, is because believing in them will bring you comfort. Believing in invisible pink unicorns means never having to feel grief because you can just imagine your deceased loved ones running around playing with the invisible pink unicorns. Some might say that it is unhealthy to avoid dealing with your grief by clinging to belief in invisible pink unicorns but what could possibly be the harm?<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">There may be a remote chance that I am wrong and invisible pink unicorns don’t actually exist; I must admit this because, to be honest, I have no proof that they exist. Even if they don’t, however, I still get the benefit of spending my days comforted by the thought of them galloping all around me and I never have to deal with grief. Considering this, doesn’t it make sense to believe in invisible pink unicorns regardless of the probability that they might not exist? If they don’t, well then when you die you will just cease to exist and so you won’t feel any disappointment.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">It may be argued that some other sort of cute invisible creature exists, but there is nothing about invisible pink unicorns that should dissuade you from believing in other cute invisible creatures as well. Unfortunately, though, sometimes people claim that there are other cute invisible creatures that have something against belief in invisible pink unicorns.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">One fellow I met told me about an invisible creature named ‘Martoc’ who wasn’t even cute. He said that Martoc prohibited belief in invisible pink unicorns. This scared the hell out of me because for a few minutes I thought that he had actually heard the voice of Martoc. As it turned out though, Martoc hadn’t actually spoken to the fellow or, for that matter, to anyone else for thousands of years.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Anyway, I asked him how he knew the story of Martoc was anything more than just a story and he showed me a really old book where people had written stories about Martoc. Acknowledging that the book was of ancient origin, I asked him again how he knew the story of Martoc was anything more than just a story. He told me it wasn’t just a story because Martoc was real. I have to admit that I found this all very confusing.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Now I asked this guy a lot of questions and finally decided that Martoc couldn’t possibly exist. It was really troubling to have to think for myself because I usually just like to daydream about invisible pink unicorns. Anyway, there were some great old stories about Martoc but a lot of them were highly improbable. The wildest claim though, was that Martoc specifically tinkered with the earth and the universe just to create paradoxes that contradicted the stories about him. It was all just too convoluted for me to believe, aside from the fact that it also conflicted with my belief in invisible pink unicorns.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The whole episode got me thinking though. I’ve started to think that I should give up on believing in invisible pink unicorns. There might be some value in actually developing the emotional skills that it takes to deal with grief. That very sort of emotional development might even make it easier to see through stories like the one about Martoc. I suppose that when it rains I can still just think that the invisible pink unicorns are watering the flowers. It’s a cute story and it makes me smile, but it’s also sort of childish.</p>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6954510235482991632.post-71542593792470466352011-03-17T05:37:00.000-07:002011-03-24T02:09:15.226-07:00Genesis Rewritten<p>An essay by - <a target="new" href="https://profiles.google.com/Heather.Spoonheim/about">Heather Spoonheim</a></p><br /><p></p><br /><p> The book of Genesis paints a picture of a deity that is trivial when compared to the cosmos as we understand it today. If the hand that wrote Genesis had been divinely moved, it would have painted a picture of a deity that made the cosmos look trivial by comparison. Although the author of Genesis couldn’t possibly have comprehended even our knowledge of the cosmos, divine intervention would most certainly have found a way to use ancient language to paint that picture. That being said, here is my imagination of Genesis as it would have been written, and then translated into English, had there been divine guidance.</p><br /><br /><p align="center"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">The Book Of Genesis</span></b></p><br /><p> All the ages of man are but a moment in the Heavens, and all the ages of the Heavens are but a moment in the Lord. For the Lord hath known countless ages before the Heavens and shall know countless ages after the Heavens, for the ages of the Lord are without number; and all the ages before the Heavens, and all the ages after the Heavens, shall never be known to any man living under the Heavens.<br /></p><p> And so it came to pass, after imaginations that can be neither measured nor numbered, that the Lord did imagine the Heavens. And in that thought the Lord numbered the Heavens, so that there might be numbers, and hurled the Heavens outward from his mind in only three directions, so that there might be only three directions, and set measure to these directions, so that there might be a space in which the Heavens might exist. All these things did the Lord do in one thought.<br /></p><p> And in the same thought that the Lord did imagine the Heavens, he did imagine and set within them the path of life, so that from the path of life the Lord might perceive the Heavens with wonder. For so it is that the mind of the Lord is without wonder, for all is known in the mind of the Lord. And so it was that the path of life was set in the Heavens so that the Lord might perceive the wonder of the Heavens from within the bounds of the Heavens, for only from within the bounds of the Heavens may they be perceived in wonder. And so it was that the path of life was set forth in the same thought.<br /></p><p> And the Earth is but one number in the numbers of the Heavens that the Lord did create. And it came to pass that the path of life crossed the Earth, and the Earth did burst forth with life. And life did flourish on the Earth, and from life did come the first spark of thought. But a spark of thought cannot contain the wonder of the Heavens for the Heavens are a wonder created by the Lord. And so it is that an animal, with a spark of thought, might wonder at that which is under the Heavens yet never know the wonder of the Heavens which the Lord did create.<br /></p><p> And so, just as the Lord had imagined the path of life, the path of life imagined man. And man had more than a spark of thought and he did look up into the Heavens. And the thoughts of man were filled with a spark of wonder and the Lord was pleased to know this wonder. And this wonder filled man’s heart with joy as he basked in the glory of the Heavens that the Lord had created. The Lord, being pleased by man’s wonder and joy, set forth a covenant with man that he might know such wonder and joy for all the ages of man.<br /></p><p> For a spark of wonder at the Heavens which the Lord did create fills the heart with joy, but fanning the flames of thought can consume that joy. Thus the Lord spake to the heart of man, saying, “This wonder is your gift to me and this joy is my gift to you, do not fan the flames of your thoughts lest they become an inferno that consumes these perfect gifts.” And so the Lord set forth a covenant with man that man might bask in wonder and joy for all his ages.<br /></p><p> And so it was that the thoughts of man burned gently and were filled by a spark of wonder that filled his heart with joy. But man began to fan the flames of thought so that he might ignite his spark of wonder and the Lord did not stop him: for to do so would unset the path of life which the Lord had set within the Heavens. And so it was that man’s will was his own and his will was to fan the flames of his thought so that he might ignite the spark of his wonder.<br /></p><p> And man’s thoughts became an inferno that consumed the joy in his heart. For as the thoughts of man became an inferno, man ceased being man and became men, each one knowing his days were numbered. And so the covenant that the Lord had set forth with man was broken by man. And so it came to pass that the thoughts of men are an inferno that consumes their joy because each one knows his days to be numbered. And so it is that the first flames of thought ignite a spark of wonder in a child that fills the child’s heart with a joy that can only radiate from the eyes of a child.<br /></p><p> And so men began to flee the inferno of their thoughts so that they might escape the sorrow of knowing that their days were numbered. And as the men fled their thoughts they began to extinguish their spark of wonder. But without the spark of wonder their can be no joy. The Lord was pleased by the spark of wonder in men so he revealed another path to escape the heat of the inferno that burned in their thoughts. Thus, the Lord spake to the hearts of men saying, “Do not flee the inferno of your thoughts for you can temper the inferno with knowledge.”<br /></p><p> And thus the Lord set forth a covenant with men. And so it was revealed that the inferno that burns in the thoughts of men can be tempered with knowledge. And so it was that thoughts tempered by knowledge did not become an inferno that consumed all joy. And so it came to pass that the warm fire of thoughts that were tempered by knowledge set wonder ablaze. Thusly, the Lord came to experience the blazing wonder of men who tempered there thoughts with knowledge, and it well pleased him.<br /></p><p> Although the days of men are numbered, those men who temper their thoughts with knowledge are set ablaze with wonder and are remembered by the Lord, for the Lord set the path of life within the Heavens to experience the wonder of that which he created. Those who flee the inferno of their thoughts extinguish their wonder, never fill their hearts with joy, and are simply forgotten by the Lord. To be remembered by the Lord is to live for all eternity. To be forgotten by the Lord is to live just a number of days in all the ages of man, which are but a moment in all the ages of the Heavens, which are but a moment in the Lord, whose ages are without number.</p>Heather Spoonheimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07779414156250200057noreply@blogger.com0